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OUTLINE FOR J^EVI© 

ENGLISH HISTOBT 




TON AND TREAT 




OK ♦ COaVIPAMY 
V YOR K' CINCINNATI • CHICAGO 




Class 
Book 



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Copyright}!". 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

ENGLISH HISTORY 



BY 
CHARLES BERTRAM NEWTON, A.B. 

Head of the Department of History in Laxcrencemlle School 
AND 

EDWIN BRYANT TREAT, A.M. 

Master in Lawrenceville School 




NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI :• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



*y8RARY of CONGRESS 
I vru Qooles ftiweived 



Gopyr'gtit ERtty 

CLASS 4 XXc, NOi 

eOPY B. 



Copyright, 1907, by 
0HARLE3 BERTRAM NEWTON 

AND 

EDWm BRYANT TREAT. 



W. P, I 



PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK 

When the close of the year's work approaches, the teacher 
of history is confronted with the problem of bringing out 
the subject as a whole, and of so focusing it as to make the 
picture clear-cut and vivid in the pupil's mind. Text-book 
and notebook and classroom work have each done their part 
in arousing the imagination and informing the memory — 
how shall the prominent figures and the smaller details, the 
multitude of memories and impressions so made, be fixed and 
established in their proper perspective? 

It was the effort to solve this problem that produced this 
series of Outlines in Greek, Roman, English, and Ameri- 
can history. They were first privately printed, and have 
been experimented with for several years. The result has 
been so gratifying, in accomplishing the end in view, as to 
suggest that they might prove similarly useful to others; 
hence, their present publication. The outline of English 
history has been made somewhat fuller than the others, 
owing to the greater length and difficulty of the subject. 
There is considerable divergence in different text-books, in 
giving the substance of important measures such as Magna 
Carta, the Bill of Rights, and so on. The effort in this out- 
line has been to give the essentials of such measures in as 
simple and direct a way as possible. 

The Outlines have been enlarged and revised in collabora- 
tion with a colleague of wide experience in preparing pupils 
for college entrance examinations, who has used them in their 

3 



PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK 

original form, and who therefore brings the valuable assist- 
ance of independent experiment and experience to the work 
of improvement and revision. 

It cannot be too emphatically said that the Outlines should 
not be introduced into the class until after the work in the 
text-book is finished — they are preeminently intended, as 
their title indicates, for review. However, if the time or 
facilities of the teacher are limited, they might be used 
judiciously with the text-book as an aid to clearness. 

P^ach of the Outlines of the series has been used with 
several different text-books, and each is intended for use 
with any good text-book, such as, in the case of the Out- 
line of English History, Walker's Essentials, Andrews', 
Cheney's, Montgomery's, Wrong's, etc. References are 
therefore purposely omitted, not only to emphasize this 
fact, but also because the Outlines should be used only 
after the student has become so familiar with the text- 
book, and other sources of information that it wall be 
easy to refresh the memory on matters only suggested in the 
Outline. 

Many dates have been given for reference, but the less 
important have been included in parentheses, and will be 
omitted by the teacher who does not believe in overcrowding 
the mind with figures. The Index will be found useful for 
looking up special matters, such as battles, laws, terms, etc. 
The Questions, culled from many papers for college entrance 
examinations, are intended for practice in the art, so occult 
to many pupils, of formulating answers. 

C. B. NEWTON. 

Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 
March, 1907. 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

ENGLISH HISTORY 



Prehistoric England. — Probable connection with the main- 
land of Europe in earliest times. Traces of prehistoric men 
roughly divided, according to implements and weapons used, 
into the Rough Stone Age (Paleolithic), the Smooth Stone 
Age (Neolithic), and the Bronze Age when metals were 
used. This order of development common to most pre- 
historic nations; known through relics — tools, weapons, 
utensils, etc. — dug up from graves or ruins. 

Invaded by Celtic tribes at time of the great Celtic inva- 
sions which swept over large part of Europe. Apparently 
two branches — Brythons, whence the Britons and Britain; 
gnideh or Gaeh, whence Gaelic peoples: Scots in Ireland, 
and Picts in what is now called Scotland. 

When written history begins, the population of the British 
Isles was Celtic, mingled with the original prehistoric in- 
habitants. Divided into many small tribes; entirely bar- 
barous; with a crude religion called Druidism from the 
name of its priests, Druids. 

PEPvIOD OF CONQUEST 

Conquest by the Romans, 43-410.^ — The Invasions of 
Caesar, 55 and 54 B C, reached only St. Albans. Not per- 
manent. Interesting account of Britons in " Gallic War." 

1 All dates in this Outline, unless otherwise specified, are a.d. 

5 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

Subjugation begun by Emperor Claudius, 43 — 50,000 men 
under Plautius. Stubborn struggle. Roman rule gradually 
extended. Overthrow of Druids (island of Mona), and 
crushing of revolt led by Boadicea (61) by Suetonius. 

Country reduced to order, and Roman control further 
extended by Ayricola. Wall of Hadi'ian (121). Wall of 
Antonine (143) marks northern limit of Roman Conquest. 

Military rule — system of fortified camps connected by 
Roman roads (Watling Street, the Fosse Way, Ermine 
Street, etc.). Governor with absolute powers, upheld by 
garrisons at all important points. Heavy taxes. Natives 
oppressed. 

Remarkably slight effect of 350 years of Roman rule, 
because no attempt to educate or civilize people, who 
were merely held in subjection. Christianity made little 
headway. 

In third century, York for a time seat of one of the 
emperors. Londinium (London) became important com- 
mercially. In fourth century, Rome's power began to decay. 
"Duke of Britons," to protect the Wall; "Count of 
Britain," for administration; "Count of the Saxon Shore," 
to ward pirates from north. Final withdrawal of legions, 
410 (Emperor Honorius). 

Conquest by the Saxons begun 449. When Romans with- 
drew, the weakened Britons were at the mercy of Picts and 
Scots from the north, and Saxon pirates from the sea. 

Legend of Yortigern, beginning of Saxon invasions, middle 
of 5th century — 

Jutes (Hengist and Horsa), Kent. 

Saxons (Ella andCissa), Sussex, Wessex, Essex. 

Angles, Anglia. 

These were Teutonic tribes from low-Germany and Den- 
mark ; kept coming in increasing numbers ; in spite of des- 

6 



PERIOD OF CONQUEST 

perate resistance, Britons killed, enslaved, or driven back to 
mountains of Wales, South Wales, and Strathclyde. South 
Whales became part of Wessex; Strathclyde, part of North- 
umberland. After about a hundred years of fighting, seven 
little independent kingdoms established (the ^' Heptarchy ") 
as follows : — 

Larger Smaller 

(1) Northumberland \ ^^^^^^^^ C^) ^^^* ^"S^^^ 

( Deira (5) Essex 

(2) Mercia (6) Kent 

(3) W^essex (7) Sussex 

These almost entirely Teutonic; while Wales, Strathclyde, 
and South Wales in the West, the Picts in the North, and 
the Scots in Ireland were Celtic. 

The name England (Angle-land) gradually came to be 
applied to the region formerly called Britain, now covered 
by the Heptarchy. Hence the English (Anglo-Saxons), 
largely Teutonic. 

Last stand against these heathen invaders made by legen- 
dary King Arthur, 6th century. 

Christianity had been introduced by early Roman mission- 
aries into Ireland and Britain. Swept away in Britain. 
Irish church flourished. St. Patrick, 5th century. Sepa- 
rated from allegiance to pope. Irish missionaries to Scot- 
land and northwestern England, 6th century (St. Columba, 
Cuthbert, Aidau). Augustine, 597, landed in Kent (King 
Ethelbert), founded first monastery in Canterbury. Irish 
and Roman church spread through Heptarchy. Disagree- 
ments between these two forms of Christianity settled by 
Synod of Whitby, 664 — Important because it made Pope 
supreme in English church, and brought England into 
touch with civilizing force of Roman church. Theodore of 
Tarsus. 

7 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

Constant fighting between different kingdoms during 
6th, 7th, and 8th centuries ; a few names stand out — 
Cerdic, founder of Wessex, and of the line which finally 
became kings of England; Edwin (Xortliumbria), founder 
of Edinburgh and overlord of Wessex; Penda (Mercia), 
who overthrew Edwin at Heathfield, and Oswy (Northum- 
berland), who defeated Mercia at Winwaedsfield ; Offa 
(Mercia), overlord of Essex, Kent, and Wessex, statesman 
as well as soldier. 

Egbert, first king of the English (828). — King of Wessex 
made himself overlord of practically all seven kingdoms. 
Due not only to his ability as a soldier, but to nationalizing 
influence of the church, and the fear of a common danger 
— the Danes. 

Conquest by the Danes begun ahout 8oo. Danes or North- 
men, also a Teutonic people. These " Vikings " from Nor- 
way, Sweden, and Denmark swarmed to all parts of 
Europe. First recorded attack on English coast, 787. 
Eastern and southern coasts naturally suffered first. Re- 
peated raids. East Anglia was the first kingdom to fall ; 
Guthrum. 

Alfred the Great (871-901). — By this time northeastern 
England overrun by Danes. Wessex seriously threatened 
when Alfred became king. Athelny ; Ethandune (Eding- 
ton), so-called Treaty of Wedmore, 878. — England north- 
east of Watling Street. Danish under Guthrum, " The 
Danelaw " ; southeast of this, Alfred's kingdom, Wessex. 
Still some trouble continued with Danish sea rovers. 
Alfred's great reign — reorganized f yrd (militia) ; began 
a national fleet for defense; encouraged education, him- 
self translated Latin books for his people. Sons Edward 
and Athelstan regained supremacy over all England, over- 
throwing the Danelaw. 

8 



PERIOD OF CONQUEST 

Archbishop Dunstan (960-988), the great leader in church 
and state during Edgar's reign and that of weak 8ucceeding 
kings. Remarkable all around genius. Divided clergy into 
"regular" and "secular"; brought about uniform weights 
and measures ; extended king's authority for peace and 
justice. 

Further aggressions of Danes at end of 10th century. 
"Ethebed the Unready." Danegeld. Completion of Danish 
conquest by Sweyn, 1013. Danes did not drive out Eng- 
lish. The two similar races mingled and formed a 
stronger English race. Canute, Sweyn's son, really estab- 
lished rule of Danes, Assandun (1016), Edmund Ironside. 
Effect of Canute's good rule spoiled by sons. 

Edward the Confessor (1042-1066), son of Ethelred, 
brought up in Normandy, chosen by Witan. Return of 
English dynasty shows how Danes and English had united. 
Good man, but weak ruler. Founding of Westminster. 
Increased power of great earldoms (former kingdoms), 
especially of Earl Godwin, whose son, Harold, succeeded to 
throne in absence of an heir. 

Government of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy grew out 
of simple government of the tribe which the invaders 
brought with them. Contained the germs of modern sys- 
tem. By 9th and 10th centuries, pretty well developed as 
follows : — 

NATIONAL. King, elected by Witan, usually hereditary ; 
e^AeZm^^s (athelings), princes; ealdormen and 
eorls ; thegns (thanes), formerly called gesiths. 
Witan, meeting in Witendgemot consisting of 
(1) ethelings, (2) ealdormen (eorls), (3) 
bishops, (4) thegns. Elected king, advised 
king, etc. 

9 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

LOCAL. Shires, largest divisions (something like 

county). Shire-moot (mot), or meeting of 
landowners, attended to affairs of shire ; 
general court of appeal. Shire-reeve (sher- 
iff), king's representative in each shire; 
ealdorman ruled one or more shires. 
Hundreds, division of shire. Hundred-moot 
(wapentake), meeting of householders, later 
of representatives from the tuns (towns) 
and burghs. 
Townships, small districts containing vills or 
tuns, and probably managing their petty 
affairs in tunmoots, and boroughs, or burghs, 
— name given to more important towns or 
communities. 
iatf. — "Common law" founded on custom; various 
edicts of different kings ; grew into general code as nation 
developed. Wergild Tiwdi hot. Compurgation — "Compurga- 
tors," men who swore, before the shire or hundred mot, that 
the accused was innocent. Ordeal, if compurgators not 
found. Danegeld tax laid first, late in 10th century, on 
all England to bribe Danes, later continued as general land 
tax. 

Literature. — Caedmon the first Anglo-Saxon poet in Eng- 
land. The Venerable Bede, history of church. Gildas 
Welsh chronicler. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle compiled by 
various monks, chief source of knowledge of this time. 

Norman Conquest, io65. — Normans, descendants of wan- 
dering Northmen or Danes, same race as those who came to 
England in 9th century. About same time they settled 
in France and founded Normandy, which flourished and 
formed great dukedom, practically independent. Normans 
had come into contact with the Roman civilization of 

10 



NORMAN KINGS 

France (Gaul), and had rapidly absorbed the language, 
religion, and manners of the French. So more civilized, in 
11th centur}^ than the English. 

William, Duke of Normandy, in whose court Edward the 
Confessor had lived, great soldier. On accession of Harold, 
demanded English throne because (1) Edward the Confes- 
sor had promised it to him ; (2) Harold had taken oath to 
support his claim ; (3) his wife, Matilda, descended from 
Alfred. — None valid, because Witan had sole right to 
elect King. 

Double invasion. — Harold Hardrada, king of Norway and 
Tostig, in North. Battle of Stamford Bridge. William, in 
South, landed at Pevensey. Batde of Hastings (or Senlac)^ 
Oct. 14, 1066. 



NOKMAN KINGS 

1066-1154 

IMPROVED FEUDAL SYSTEM. STRONGER 
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 

WILLIAM I. (The Conqueror), 1066-1087. — Stern but 
usually just ruler. Crowned Christmas Day, 1066, but 
obliged to return to Normandy. Many revolts. Four years 
of vigorous campaigns, fire and sword, completed subjuga- 
tion. Hereward "last of the English." Established law 
and order. Royal castles. Estates, distributed to Normans, 
well scattered. 

Feudal System, the method of landholding and govern- 
ment, in vogue all over Europe during the Middle Ages. 
It rested on theory that all land belonged to the king ; in 
return for homage, fealty, and service, the king granted land 
in " fiefs " to nobles, as his " vassals " ; they, in turn, to their 

11 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

vassals (" tenants in chief "), and these to " mesne ten- 
ants '' (subinfeudation) ; lowest in scale were " villeins " 
or serfs, bound to the soil, who gave menial service or 
farm labor in return for protection, food, and lodg- 
ing. A convenient system for the time. Evil of it, on 
continent — great nobles too powerful and independent, 
because their vassals swore allegiance only to them, so not 
bound to the king. Sovereigns therefore powerless to check 
barons. 

Important Changes. — (1) Domesday Book (1085), a com- 
plete record of all land and property in England. (2) All 
great and small vassals holding this land summoned to 
Meeting at Salisbury Plain, io86, to swear allegiance directly 
to him — so made king supreme. 

National Government. — King ; justiciar, usually an arch- 
bishop, ruled in king's absence ; chancellor, Keeper of the 
King's Seal, secretary; and treasurer, head of the "ex- 
chequer" or treasury; the Great Council (Magnum Con- 
cilium), successor to the Witendgemot, consisting of officers, 
great nobles, and chief churchmen (not important at this 
time); and the King's Council (Curia Regis), which de- 
veloped somewhat later, to di-aw up laws, help with reve- 
nues, and act as a sort of supreme court for appeals to the 
king's justice. 

Local Government. — Old system of moots continued, 
sheriffs more important. Norman ''trial by battle"; 
"Manors," great estates, ruled directly by "lords of the 
manor"; "court-barons" and " court-leets " ; demesnes, 
closes, commons, etc. 

Royal revenues — (1) Old Danegeld, now land tax, the 
only national taxation. (2) Personal revenues of the king 
from his many manors, fines, etc., and special feudal dues: 
(a) when vassal died ; (6) when vassal transferred land to 

12 



NORMAN KINGS 

another ; (c) when children of vassals were minors ; (d) when 
king's son was k lighted, or daughter niamed, a special " aid " 
paid by vassals to king. 

Feudal Church. — Thoroughly organized : Parish (parish 
priests — rectors, curates), diocese or " see " (bishop), metro- 
politan province (archbishop). Of the two English arch- 
bishops, the archbishop of Canterbury was primate or chief 

— head of the English church. Abbots, heads of monas- 
teries, ranked with bishops. " Convocation." Higher clergy 
ranked with nobles. William put in Normans. Lanfranc. 
Authorized separate church courts., but insisted on his own 
supremacy and refused homage to Pope. 

WILLIAM II. (" Rufus " or The Red), 1087-1100. — Second 
son of William. Violent, wicked man. Only virtue, that 
he was strong enough to keep barons in check. Hated for 
tyranny and abuse of feudal rights. Ranulf Flambard. 
A nselrn. 

HENRY I. (" Lion of Justice," " Beauclerc "), 1100-1135. — 
Third son of William I. Efficient, and, for the times, 
scholarly. Promptly seized the throne rightfully due 
oldest brother Robert, Duke of Normandy. Important 
reign ; marks beginning of limitation of royal power — 
" Charter of Liberties " recognized certain rights of sub- 
jects and guaranteed justice and order; forerunner of 
Magna Carta. 

Also strengthened hold on the English by marriage with 
Matilda, daughter of king of Scotland and direct descend- 
ant of the English line of kings (Edgar — Alfred — Egbert 

— Cerdic). 

Crushed rebellion (Robert of Belesme). War with 
brother, Robert; Tinchebrai (1106). Restored power of 
shire and hundred moots or courts. Curia Regis (called 

13 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

Barons of Exchequer, when dealing with finances) probably 
organized in his reign, and helped with revenues and 
justice. 

A nselm recalled. Quarrel over <' investiture " — compro- 
mise: bishops to be "invested" with signs of spiritual 
authority (ring and staff) by church, but to do homage to 
king for their temporal power as the king's feudal vassals. 

Growth and influence of monasteries. 

STEPHEN, 1135-1154. — Inefficient. Henry's sons had been 
drowned in the White Ship. Throne seized by Stephen of 
Blois (grandson of William I.), but Matilda (Henry's 
daughter) appealed to pope, and to her uncle, King David 
of Scotland. Civil war. " Battle of the Standard " (1138). 
Temporary triumph of Stephen. Mismanagement. Renewal 
of hostilities, alternate success of Matilda and Stephen. 
Wretched condition of England. Robber castles. Treaty of 
Wallingford (1153), Stephen to reign during life; Henry, 
Matilda's son, to be his heir. 



PLANTAGENET KINGS 

1154-1399 

PROGRESS OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. RISE OF 

THE COMMONS. BREAKING OF 

FEUDALISM 

HENRY II., 1154-1189. — Son of Matilda and Geoffrey, 
Count of Anjou, hence " Angevin " (from this title) or 
" Plantagenet " (sprigs of genet worn by Counts of Anjou). 
Born ruler — energetic and clear headed. 

Possessions. — England, Normandy, and Brittany from 
his mother; Anjou, Maine, and Touraine from his father; 

14 



PLANTAGENET KINGS 

Aquitaine, including Poitou and Gascony, from his wife 
Eleanor ; also part of Ireland (through " Strongbow ") 
called " the Pale." 

Destruction of robber castles. 

Military changes. — Scutage, payment instead of personal 
military service. Organization of " fyrd, " or national mili- 
tia. " Assize of Arms " (1181). 

Judicial Reforms. — Uniform code of laws. Circuit Courts. 
Members of Curia Regis appointed to go out to different 
shires or counties, partly to oversee sheriffs, partly to settle 
disputes about land, or appeals in other cases. Large fees 
required. As much a financial as judicial plan (begun on 
smaller scale by Henry I.). 

Jury System. — In connection with circuit courts grew up 
germ of Jury System. Twelve "recognitors" summoned 
to swear to facts. Also " jury of presentment " sometimes 
presented criminals for trial at the hundred courts. Hence 
gradually developed our " petty jury" and "grand jury." 

Constitutions of Clarendon (1164). — Most important pro- 
vision: (1) that "clerks" (the clergy) accused of crime 
should be tried by civil instead of church courts ; (2) 
that the king's ministers should not be excommunicated 
without his consent; (3) that appeals from the church 
courts must go to the king, not the pope. Various lesser 
regulations. The main object was to do away with unfair- 
ness of easy church laws, and to make the king and his 
courts supreme. 

Quarrel with Backet, Archbishop of Canterbury — (a) re- 
fusal to pay "Danegeld" on church property, and (b) to 
agree to Constitutions of Clarendon. Flight of Becket; 
return; murder (1170); made a saint; reaction against 
Henry ; repeal of Constitutions of Clarendon. 

Reign ended in bitter conflict with his sons, in France. 

15 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

RICHARD I. (Coeur de Lion, "The Lion Hearted"), 
1189-1199. — Oldest son of Henry 11. Great soldier but poor 
king. Crusades most important feature of his reign. Sold 
offices, etc., and especially charters to towns, to raise money. 
The charters gave many important towns management of 
own affairs. William Longchamp ; Hubert Walter. Cap- 
tivity. Plots of John. Enormous ransom. War with 
Philip of France. 

JOHN ("Lackland"), 1199-1216. — Youngest son of 
Henry XL Clever, crafty, tyrannical. Reign taken up with 
three great quarrels : — 

(1) With France: Arthur, son of Geoffrey (second son of 
Henry II.), rightful heir. John summoned on various 
charges before his feudal suzerain, Philip, king of France. 
Failed to appear. War declared. Disappearance of Arthur. 
John conducted war badly. Lost Normandy, Maine, Anjou, 
— large part of his French possessions. 

(2) With the pope : Over appointment of a new Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. Pope used his weapons — interdict, 
excommunication, and finally a " bull " (decree of the pope), 
declaring throne vacant and giving it to Philip. After niucli 
persecution of church in England, John yielded (1213), 
became vassal of pope, accepted his nominee, Stephen Lang- 
ton^ and agreed to pay tribute. 

(3) With the barons : Attack on Philip. Battle of Bouvines 
(1214). Barons, led by Archbishop Langton, demanded 
reforms. King refused. London captured. John com- 
pelled to yield. Met barons, field of Runnymede, June 15, 
1215, and signed Magna Carta — sixty -three articles, some of 
most important of which were : — 

(1) Granted freedom 'of elections in the church; (2) 
regulated feudal customs, fixing feudal dues; and forbade 

16 



PLANTAGENET KINGS 

levying '^ scuta ges" or any other feudal ''aids'' (except the 
regular special aids for ransom, for kniphting of king's son, 
or marriage of his daughter) without consent of (he great coun- 
cil ; (3) forbade imprisonment of ireemen ivithout judgment 
of his peers; (4) declared justice should not be sold, denied, 
or delayed; (5) protected rights of boroughs, merchants, 
and landholders. 

Importance of Changes: (a) An agreement or compact 
between kmgand subjects — in itself a great step in advance 
for the people. (6) Covered fundamental principles of 
government in relation to church, taxation, justice, and 
individual rights, (c) Became the rallying point of the 
English for centuries against attempts at royal tyranny, 
until these principles entirely attained. 

Brief period of confusion. John enraged. Civil war, 
ended by John's death. 

HENRY III., 1216-1272. — Weak and extravagant. William 
Marshall; Hubert de Burgh. Unsuccessful efforts to win 
back French possessions. Increasing unpopularity due to 
favoring of foreigners to whom he gave rich offices in church 
and state, and to lavish expenditure — building churches 
(Westminster), buying kingdom of Sicily for son, and other 
payments to pope. Became unbearable. Pron'sions of Oxford 
passed by the "Mad Parliament" at Oxford, 1258 — (1) 
Council of fifteen, beside great officers (justiciar, etc.), to 
look after the treasury and government in general; (2) 
a small Parliament, consisting of the above council and 
twelve barons, to help administer kingdom. 

Practically deprived king of all power. Appeal to 
"Saint "Louis (Louis IX.) of France. Mise of Amiens. 
Leader of barons, Simon de Montfort, king's brother-in-law, 
but estranged from him. Civil war. Defeat of king. 
Battle of Lewes. Simon supreme. 

IT 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

Parliament of 1265, to which De Moiitfort summoned not 
only the usual barons and clergy, but also two knights from 
each shire, and two burgesses or citizens from each borough. 
The name Parliament, instead of council, came into use 
in this 13th century — heretofore it contained only lords 
temporal (great nobles), and lords spiritual (higher clergy), 
except two knights on a few occasions. But this was begin- 
ning of giving the " commons," or middle class, any voice 
in Parliament — first step in establishment of Souse of Com- 
mons. 

Further civil war. Battle of Evesham. Death of De 
Montfort, one of the ablest and best men of his time. Rest 
of reign uneventful. 

Advance in education — Oxford (1264), Roger Bacon; 
and Cambridge. Mendicant friars — Franciscans and 
Dominicans. 

EDWARD I., 1272-1307. — Great soldier and statesman. 
Annexation of Wales (Llewellyn), 1282 — title of Prince of 
Wales first bestowed on eldest son of English king by 
Edward I. Quarrel over Scottish throne; Edward made 
umpire, decided for John Baliol. War with France 
(1294) ; Scotch refused help and revolted ; uprising in 
Wales (Madoc). Edward, in need of money, summoned 
The Model Parliament, 1295, to which knights and burgesses 
were summoned, as in 1265. By this act Edward legalized 
and established precedent set by Simon de Montfort — 
second step in growth of House of Commons. 

Defeat of Scotland (1296). — Stone of Scone. Edward 
declared himself king of Scotland. 

Revolt of William Wallace; Falkirk (1298). Third and 
last revolt under Bohert Bruce, grandson of former claimant 
to throne ; Edward died during campaign. 

18 



PLANTAGENET KINGS 

Great Laws. — First Statute of Westminster (1275). Gen- 
eral provision against abuses in courts, abuses of feudal 
rights by nobility, and in protection of merchants. Statute 
of Mortmain (1279) forbade putting land in the hands of 
the church. Second Statute of Westminster (1285) — Law 
of "Entail" allowing landholders to entail estates so as 
to pass entire from parent to child ; also further correction 
of minor abuses. Statute of Winchester (1285) established 
" watch and ward " (" hue and cry " continued where neces- 
sary), widening of highways, and in general, preservation 
of the peace. Third Statute of Westminster, or Quia Emp- 
tores (1290), provided that when a vassal sold land, the new 
holder owed service and feudal dues not to the seller but 
to the latter's lord or suzerain. These laws corrected many 
illegal practices, prevented church from getting too much 
land, increased general security, and maintained authority of 
king. 

Courts. — Division of old Curia Regis into three courts — 

1. Court of the Exchequer, revenue cases. 

2. Court of Common Pleas, suits between private 

persons. 

3. Court of the King's Bench, cases involving crown, 

and appeals from lower courts. 

Circuit courts continued. Jury further developed — ad- 
mission of witnesses. 

Expulsion of Jews, 1290. — Cruel measure forced on king 
by their unpopularity. Edward driven by this and by wars, 
to tax exports, imports, and " movables." Also heavy de- 
mands on clergy. 

Confirmatio Cartarum (1297). — Reaffirmed Magna Carta, 
and went further in putting all feudal dues, customs dues, 
and taxation in control of Parliament. 

19 



OUTLINE FOR RP:VIEW 

EDWARD II., 1307-1327. — Weak trifler. Favorites; Gaves- 
ton. Disgust of barons. " Lords Ordainers " (1310). Neglect 
of war with Scotland. Total defeat at Bannockbuim, 1314, 
by Robert Bruce. Despenser. Revolt defeated. Intrigue of 
Queen Isabella and Mortimer. Deposition of Edward II. 
and election of his son by Parliament showed increase in 
power of this body. 

EDWARD III., 1327-1377. — Much abler king. After short 
regency, he punished Mortimer and Isabella. Renewed war 
with Scotland. Halidon Hill (1333). Edward, son of 
Baliol, and David Bruce. ^ 

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1353). — Vnderlying 
cause, rivalry between France and I]ngland. Immediate 
causes: (1) Philip VI. of France, ambitious to get (juienne 
and Gascony, so helped Scotland, promoted French piracy 
on the Channel, and interfered with growing English wool 
trade with Flanders ; also (2) Edward III., to get alliance 
with Flanders, set up claim to French crown through his 
mother, Isabella. 

Preparations for war, 1337. — Marauding expeditions on 
both sides. First battle, Sluf/s (1340), naval victory, Eng- 
land. Several fruitless invasions. Battle of Crecy, 1346. 
Great victory for King Edward and the Black Prince, who 
here " won his spurs." Triumph for English long bow. Scotch 
attack defeated. Battle of Neville's Cross (1346, autumn). 
Siege of Calais ; captured, 1347. Lull in the war, caused by 
terrible Black Death, both countries (1348, 1349). Expedi- 
tion of Black Prince, south of France ; Battle of Poitiers, 
1356, even more remarkable victory; English outnumbered 
six to one, but captured French king, John, and killed hun- 
dreds of French knights. Miserable condition of France, the 
*' Jacquerie." 

20 



PLANTAGENET KINGS 

Peace of Bretigny, 1360. — Edward abandoned claim to 
French throne, but received practically all France south of 
Loire and enormous ransom for John. Only temporary 
breathing space. War soon renewed in desultory fashion. 
Black Prince died. English nearly driven out of France. 
Reign ended badly. The Good Parliament. John of 
Gaunt. 

Important Laws. — Statute of Provisors (1351) provided 
that English " benefices " should not go to foreigners. 
Statute of Laborers (1351), fixing rate of wages, and in (1360) 
severely punishing villeins who ran away from their manors. 
Statute of Praemunire (1353) limited appeal to foreign courts 
and excluded papal legates. 

Between 1330-1340, House of Commons began meeting 
separately — third step, making the Conirnons a distinct part 
of Porliament. 

Growth of commerce ; the wool trade and manufacturing ; 
llanseatic League; staple towns. 

RICHARD II., 1377-1399. — Son of Edward, the Black Prince. 
Boy of eleven. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, regent. 
Very unpopular. Troublous time, due to causes which had 
begun in Edward TIT.'s reign — unrest and discontent among 
villeins due to severe laws (Statute of Laborers, etc.) and 
heavy burden of taxation ; Peasants' Revolt, or Wat Tyler's 
Rebellion (1381). Dearth of laborers (due to Black Death) 
and spirit of discontent gradually resulted in breaking up of 
"villeinage " and beginning of modern w^age system. 

John Wyclif had begun attack on corruption of the church 
in Ed'.vard ITI.'s reign. Also attacked doctrines (teachings) 
of the church — power of the pope to excommunicate, and 
" transubstantiation," the doctrine that the bread and wine 
of the communion (mass) turns into the actual body and 
blood of Christ. His followers constantly increasing in num- 

21 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

bers, nicknamed Lollards. Wyclif, the first great religious 
reformer, forerunner of the Protestant reformation. 

Beginnings of English Literature. — Translations and writ- 
ings of Wyclif; Chaucer^ " Canterbury Tales," the first great 
English poet; Langland, "Piers the Plowman." During 
Norman kings, French the language of the court, Anglo- 
Saxon of the common folk, and Latin of the scholar and the 
law. Gradually French and Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, 
united, and modified into something like modern English, as 
the national language. 

End of Reigji. — Richard failed to keep promises to peas- 
ants, antagonized the nobles by harshness, and violated the 
law. "Lords Appellant." Banishment of John of Gaunt's 
son, Henry, and seizure of his estates, gave him excuse to 
invade England. King absent in Ireland, returned helpless. 
Deposed hy Parliament — second Plantagenet king to be 
removed from throne. 

LANCASTRIAN-YORKIST KINGS 

1399-1485 

INCREASED POWER OF PARLIAMENT AND NOBLES 

Lancastrians 

HENRY IV., 1399-1413. — Grandson of Edward III., son of 
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, Edward's third son. 
Elected by Parliament, although Edmund Mortimer, aged 
seven, great-grandson of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward's 
second son, was the legal heir. This fact strengthened Parlia- 
ment; discussion of grants and interference of Parliament in 
choice of council, important. Numerous revolts before power 
established. Most dangerous, the combination of the Percys, 
Glendower, and Douglas. Battle of Shrewsbury (1403). 

22 



LANCASTRIAN-YORKIST KINGS 

Agitation against Lollards. Statute " De Haeretico Com- 
burendo " first law in England condemning to death for 
religion ; William Sawtre. 

HENRY v., 1413-1422. — Energetic and capable. The 
Hundred Years' War had been checked by truce near end of 
Richard II's reign. Henry now took advantage of quarrel 
between Flanders and Burgundy, revived old claim to French 
crown. Battle of Agincourt, 1415, third of the splendid vic- 
tories which so swelled national pride of England. Second 
invasion ended in Treaty of Troyes, 1420. Henry or his heir 
to have French throne, on death of the insane Charles VI. 
Marriage with French Princess, Katherine. 

Further troubles with Lollards. Sir John Oldcastle 
(1418). 

HENRY VI., 1422-1461 (1470, for a few months). — A sickly 
infant, weak man, subject to insanity. Dukes of Bedford 
and Gloucester, his uncles, regents in France and England, 
respectively. Charles VI. dead, French crown claimed for 
Henry VI. Renewed war. Bedford in command. Bur- 
gundians on side of English. Orleanists favored the Dau- 
phin (crown prince). Siege of Orleans. Joan of Arc 
(Jeanne d'Arc), wonderful peasant girl of Domremy. Rais- 
ing of the Siege (1429). The Dauphin crowned Charles VII. 
of France. Joan, captured by Burgundians, turned over 
to English, tried as a witch, burned at the stake (1431). 
Patriotism aroused by Joan of Arc began to turn the tide in 
France. Death of Bedford (1435). English steadily lost 
ground. Last fighting, 1453. English lost all French 
territory except Calais — no treaty. Fiction of claim to 
French throne kept up till 1802, Treaty of Amiens. 

The decade from 1440-14-50 a time of disorder and misrule. 
Rivalry, York and Suffolk. Sheep farming. Lawlessness 

23 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

of barons. Jack Cade's Rebellion, i45o- Political uprising 
to protest against misgovern ment, excessive taxation, and 
loss of France ; also in favor of the Duke of York. 

Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485. — Underl/jing causes: the 
rivalry between York and Lancaster, weakness of the king, 
and turbulence of nobles, long accustomed to war and pil- 
lage, with their bands of retainers, in the Hundred Years' 
War. Immediate cause : during king's temporary insanity, 
Richard, Duke of York (descended on father's side from Ed- 
mund, fourth son of Edward III., and on his mother's from 
Lionel, second son of Edward III.), made Protector by Parlia- 
ment. King recovered soon, and ousted Richard, restoring 
Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, leader of Lancastri- 
ans, to power. Richard took up arms. (Successful faction 
indicated by letters Y or L.) 

>S'^ Albans (1455), Y. Somerset killed, king prisoner, Rich- 
ard did not claim throne. Several years armed rieutral- 
ity. Bill of Attainder, law forfeiting life and estates, 
passed against Richard, Duke of York. 
Northampton (1460), Y. King again prisoner, flight of Queen 
Margaret. Richard's demand for throne refused, but 
made heir. 
Wakefield (1460), L. Richard killed. Triumph for Margaret. 
Second St. Albans (1461), Y. Edward, Richard's son, wel- 
comed by London and crowned. 

Yorkists 
EDWARD IV., 1461-1483. — Selfish and unscrupulous ruler. 
Had not yet won his crown, till 

Toiuton (1461), Y. Bloodiest battle of war. Over 30,000 
killed. Established Edward as king. Warwick. A 
lull of nine years. Marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. 
Estrangement between king and Warwick. Latter 

24 



TUDOR KINGS 

intrigued with Clarence. Sudden descent on Loudon. 

Edward obliged to flee. Henry replaced on throne 

by Warwick (1470). 
Barnet (1471), Y. Death of Warwick, the "King Maker." 
Tewkesbury (1471), Y. Prince Edward defeated. Death 

of Henry VI. Practical end of Wars of Roses. 
Remainder of reign uneventful. " Benevolences." Caxton, 
first p]nglish publisher. 

EDWARD v., 1483. — Boy of twelve. His uncle, Richard, 
Duke of (Jloucester, Protector of the Realm, crafty and 
cruel. Murder of Hastings and other friends of the young 
king. Crowned, July, 1483. Edward and his brother mur- 
dered in the tower, by Richard's orders. 

RICHARD III., 1483-1485. — Brief, stormy reign. Bucking- 
ham's revolt. Plan to marry Elizabeth, his niece, thwarted 
by Henry Tudor. Milford Haven. Battle of Bosworth Field, 
1485. End of the Wars of Roses. 



TUDOR KINGS 

I 485-1 603 

ROYAL ABSOLUTISM. PROTESTANTISM 

HENRY VII., 1485-1507. — Cautious, industrious, saving. 
Great-grandson of John of Gaunt (on his mother's side), so 
a Lancastrian. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., 
thus uniting the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White 
Rose of York. 

Conditions favorable for laying the foundation of Tudor 
absolutism — (a) Weakening of nobility by Wars of the 
Roses. (6) Enlargement of foreign trade and decline of 

25 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

feudalism creating a new national spirit. Henry skillfully 
built up his power: (1) "Statute of Liveries" enforced; 
(2) " Court of the Star Chamber " established — special 
court to try gi-eat nobles ; (3) fines, " benevolences " (Mor- 
ton's Fork), customs duties on wine and merchandise 
(tonnage and poundage), thrifty management of crown 
"demesnes" gave great wealth; (4) politic marriages — 
daughter, Margaret, to king of Scotland ; eldest son, Ar- 
thur, to Katherine of Aragon — helped foreign relations; 
(5) encouragement of trade — navigation act ; English Mer- 
chant Adventurers — added to national prosperity. 

Several conspiracies in early part of reign. Lambert 
Simnel (U87). Perkin Warbeck (1492-1499) more formida- 
ble; execution of Yorkist nobles, and finally of Warbeck. 

Poynings' Acts (1494). — All statutes passed by Irish 
Parliament must first receive sanction of king and council ; 
and all English statutes should be binding on Ireland. 

The Renaissance. — The intellectual aw^akening which be- 
gan in Italy in the fifteenth century (or earlier), and spread 
to other parts of Europe. The end of the 15th century in 
England a time of change, of the beginnings of the new things 
which were to make the 16^^ century one of the greatest, 
if not the greatest, in English history — discoveries: print- 
ing, gunpowder, the " New Learning," the reformation, new 
architecture, etc. 

HENRY VIII., 1509-1547. — Keen, cruel, passionate, self- 
willed. Inherited from his father great wealth and 
great power. At eighteen handsome, well educated, ath- 
letic — began reign well. Patron of the " New Learning " 
led by Colet, More, and Erasmus. Lavish expenditure. 
Marriage with Katherine of Aragon, widow of elder brother, 
Arthur. 

26 



TUDOR KINGS 

Vigorous foreign policy. Wolsey, later cardinal, for 
twenty years Henry's favorite and right-hand man. 
War with France and Scotland (1512). Flodden Field 
(1513) ; James IV. of Scotland, Henry's brother-in-law, 
killed. " Battle of the Spurs " in France. " Field of the 
Cloth of Gold" (1520), meeting arranged by Wolsey be- 
tween Henry VIII. and Francis I. (France). Wolsey's aim 
to hold balance of power between Francis I. and Charles V. 
(Spain). 

Beginning of the Reformation in Germany; Luther, 1517. 
Henry wrote a book against " heresies " of Luther. 

Events that led up to political separation of English church 

from Home: Henry infatuated with Anne Boleyn. Began 
steps for divorce (1526); Wolsey at first favored, then op- 
posed. " Court of Black Friars," Wolsey and Compeggio ; 
nothing accomplished; Henry enraged, Wolsey blamed, 
accused of violating Statute of Praemunire, and stripped of 
honors and offices ; died (1530). Thomas Cromwell, his succes- 
sor. W^hole English church, accused of violating Statute of 
Praemunire, agreed to recognize Henry as " Supreme 
Head" of the church (1531). Cranmer made Archbishop 
of Canterbury. Act of Annates (1532) abolished payment 
of " first year " revenues to pope. Henry married to Anne 
Boleyn (1533). Act of Supremacy, i534> the king declared 
Supreme Head of the church instead of pope. First step 

toward establishment of Protestantism. 

Persecution. — More, Fisher, and many who refused to 
acknowledge Henry in place of the pope, executed. Destruc- 
tion of Monasteries (1536-1539). "Pilgrimage of Grace" 
(1536), revolt in North; more persecution (1536-1537). 
English Bible put in the churches, but the new English 
church still Roman Catholic in doctrines, not Protestant, 
as shown by the Six Articles (1539). 

27 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

Beheading of Anne Boleyn (1536) ; marriage with Jane 
Seymour. Anne of Cleves (1540) ; downfall of Thomas 
Cromwell. Katherine Howard (1540), beheaded. Last wife, 
Katherine Parr (1543). 

Wales given representation in Parliament (1536) ; the 
rest of Ireland (beyond the Pale) brought partially under 
English rule. Brief wars with Scotland and France in the 
forties. Inglorious end of Henry's life. 

EDWARD VI., 1547-1553. — Son of Jane Seymour, Henry's 
third wife. Boy of eleven. His uncle, Duke of Somerset, 
at the helm. Both king and Somerset inclined to Protestant 
beliefs; also Archbishop Cranmer. All Europe seething 
with civil war and persecution, due to the Reformation. 
In England — spread of Luther's teachings; growth of the 
" New Learning," which made men think for themselves ; 
the English Bible (Tyndale's and Coverdale's translations); 
all helped to bring about change in belief. 

In Henry VHI.'s reign the Established church (i.e. the 
church supported by the government, and sharing in the 
government) separated from the pope, the first step toward 
rrotestantism ; in Edward VI.'s reign, made Protestant in 
many forms and doctrines — the second step. This accom- 
plished (1) by various acts of Parliament doing away with 
numerous rites and ceremonies ; (2) by requiring an English 
Prayer Book to be used in the churches ; and (8) by " the 
Forty-Two Articles," a new statement of the doctrines of 
the church. 

War with Scotland. — Effort to compel Mary Stuart — 
later, Mary Queen of Scots — to marry Edward VI. Battle 
of Pinkie (1547). Mary escaped to France. 

Unrest on account of "enclosures" of public lands or 
"commons," and of severe landlords. Commissions in 

28 



TUDOR KINGS 

Henry's reign (1517, More) and in Edward's (1548, Lati- 
mer). Kent's uprising useless. Northumberland succeeded 
Somerset (1549), much more severe. Further suppression 
of monasteries. Founding of schools. 

MARY, 1553-1558. — Daughter of Katherine of Aragon, 
Henry's first wife, so Mary Tudor, " Bloody Mary" (not to 
be confused with Mary Stuart). A devout Roman Catholic. 
Failure of Northumberland's effort to enthrone Lady Jane 
Grey, great-granddaughter of Henry VII., and wife of Nor- 
thumberland's son, Lord Dudley. 

Setback to Protestaritism. — Acts of Edward's reign re- 
pealed ; Catholic forms, beliefs, and bishops restored. 
Marriage of Mary with Philip II. of Spain, followed by 
restoration by Parliament of supremacy of the pope (Cardi- 
nal Pole). 

Attempt to stamp out Protestantism b}- severe persecution 
(1555-1558). Burning of Latimer, Ridley, Cranmer, and 
about 300 others. An intolerant age, persecution in Europe 
much worse. Effect was to strengthen Protestantism. 

War with France. Loss of Calais, last foothold of English 
in France (1557). Mary died, broken hearted. 

ELIZABETH, 1558-1603. — Daughter of Anne Boleyn, 

Henry's second wife. One of the greatest queens of history. 
William Cecil (Lord Burleigh), her secretary of state, and 
chief adviser for forty years. 

Third and final step in establishing Protestantism as the 
established "Church of England": Parliament passed a 
second .4c/ of Supremacy — Elizabeth " supreme governor " 
of the church and required clergy to take " oath of suprem- 
acy " ; Act of Uniformin/ reestablished English Prayer Book, 
and required attendance at established church (not at first 

29 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

strictly enforced). The Thirty-nine Articles substituted for 
the Forty-two of Edward's reign as the statement of the 
doctrines of the church. 

Beginning of jReligiotis " Sects.'' — Puritans (influenced by 
teachings of the great French reformer Calvin), who 
believed that the church should have been further " puri- 
fied " of the forms and ceremonies of the Catholic church, 
but did not wash to form a new church ; persecuted later in 
the reign. Presbyterians, who wanted to establish a more 
democratic form of church government — " presbyters " 
elected, instead of bishops, etc. — as well as simpler forms 
of worship. Indeperidents (" Brownists " or " Separatists "), 
w^ho went still farther and wanted " separate churches," with 
little or no organization or government. " Non-conformist " 
and " dissenter " came to be applied to all w^ho did not con- 
form to the church of England. Puritans and Presbyterians 
did not become " dissenters " till driven from Episcopal or 
church of England. 

Activities of the Jesuits (members of the "Society of 
Jesus " founded by Ignatius Loyola to combat Protestant- 
ism), and resistance of these sects led to sterner enforce nient 
of the Act of Uniformity ; establishment of " Court of High 
Commission" (1583) to enforce this and other ecclesiastical 
laws (laws relating to the church). 

Mary, Queen of Scots, great-granddaughter of Henry VII., 
whose daughter, Margaret, married James IV. of Scotland. 
Mary married (1) Francis II., of France, and became for a 
time Queen of France, claimed English throne because, from 
Catholic point of view, Elizabeth not legitimate ; returned 
to her throne in Scotland on death of Francis (1560). 
Married (2) Lord Darnley. Turmoil in Scotland, which 
had grown strongly Presbyterian (John Knox). Murder of 
ivizzio. Murder of Darnley. Mary then married (3) Earl 

30 



TUDOR KINGS 

of Bothwell. Driven from Scotland, her infant son declared 
James VI., Murray regent. Took refuge in England (1567). 
For nineteen years a thorn in Elizabeth's side. Finally 
tried for treason (Walsinghara ; "Babington plot"), and 
beheaded, 1587. 

Among the difficulties at the beginning of Elizabeth's 
reign, those of foreign relations were perhaps the greatest. 
With the skillful aid of Cecil she managed to maintain 
peace for over quarter of a century, and to establish the po- 
sition as one of the great powers of Europe, which England 
had begun to acquire under Henry VII. and Henry VIII. 
But peaceful relations with Spain imperiled by (1) attacks 
on Spanish colonies and ships by English captains, Sir 
Francis Drake, etc. ; (2) assistance to the Protestant Neth- 
erlands (1585), and (3) the execution of Mary Queen of 
Scots. 

"The Invincible Armada," 1588. — Large fleet (about 150 
large and small vessels, 30,000 soldiers and sailors) under 
Duke of Medina, sent by Philip IT. to invade England. 
English fleet, under Lord Howard, much smaller but more 
manageable ; famous sea captains, like Drake and Hawkins. 
Running fight up the channel. Great sea fight off Calais, 
July 30, before the Armada could join Duke of Parma at 
Dunkirk. Retreat of the Spaniards northward. Fierce storm 
scattered and wrecked many Spanish ships on coasts of 
Norway, Scotland, and Ireland. 

Bitter enmity between England and Spain. Attacks on 
Spanish fleets and ports; rebellion in Catholic Ireland 
abetted by Philip; disgrace of Essex; stern repression of 
Irish by Mountjoy. 

Greatness of England in the Sixteenth Century. — Triumphs 
greater than those of diplomacy and war : Fruits of the 
Renaissance — great advance in education, new colleges 

31 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

in the Universities, founding of schools; wonderful intel- 
lectual awakening, especially shown in literature of Eliza- 
bethan period — the drama, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, 
Marlowe, etc., poetry of Edmund Spenser, " Faerie Queen," 
and Sir Philip Sidney, "Arcadia'; Sir Francis Bacon, Sir 
Walter Raleigh. Revival of classical forms in architecture. 
Improvement in domestic architecture and manner of living. 
Material prosperity — growth of trade and of manufacture, 
aided by distress of Netherlands, and pushing out in the east 
and west; establishment of reliable currency (1560) ; East 
India Company (1600). "Monopolies" (exclusive right 
to sell a given article), granted to favorites or sold, were 
an evil, but abated by Elizabeth when she saw temper of 
Parliament against it. 



STUAE,T KINGS 

1603-1714 

STRUGGLE WITH PARLIAMENT. BEGINNINGS OF 
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT 

JAMES I., 1603-1625. — Son of Darnley and Marj^, 
Queen of Scots. Elizabeth left no heir, so James, already 
James VI. of Scotland since 1568 (see Mary, Queen of 
Scots), accepted by Parliament, thus peacefully uniting Eng- 
land and Scotland under one crown. Parliaments continued 
separate for another hundred years, till 1707. 

James a strange combination of shrewdness and folly, 
learning and ignorance. "The wisest fool in Christendom." 
Strong belief in " Divine right " of kings, putting them 
above law and Parliament. Not a new doctrine but pushed 
to extreme by James and his son, and opposed to changing 
spirit of the time. 

32 



STUART KINGS 

The Millenary Petition by Puritans. Hampton Court 
Conference, Puritans rebuffed ; committee appointed, made 
" authorized " or King James version of Bible (1611). 

Plots, (1) for Arabella Stuart, Raleigh imprisoned; 
(2) Gunpowder Plot (1605), supposed to be planned by- 
Catholics (Robert Catesby, Guy Fawkes). 

Cecil, son of Lord Burleigh (Elizabeth's reign), guided 
aifairs till 1612 with skill. Then the hated favorites, Robert 
Carr, 4 years, and George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. 

Quarrel with Jirst Parliament (1604) over its rights and 
granting money. Second (Addled) Parliament (1614) dis- 
solved without passing an act. Third Parliament (1621), 
still more angry, quarrel over right of free speech. 

With extravagant and dissipated court and no grants 
from Parliament, James, desperately hard up for monej^ 
driven to illegal taxes, impositions, benevolences ; also nego- 
tiations foi- marriage of son with Spanish Infanta, which 
finally failed (1623), but added to James' unpopularity be- 
cause of hatred of Spain and of Catholicism. 

Execution of Raleigh (1616). Disgrace of Lord Bacon. 

Summary of chief causes of James' unpopularity: (1) 
lacked dignity and force of Tudors ; (2) opposed the royal 
" prerogative " (or right) to the rights of Parliament by 
levying illegal taxes, etc., and violently forbidding discus- 
sion or remonstrance; (3) apparent leanings to Spain and 
Catholicism ; (4) arrogance of his favorite Buckingham. 

CHARLES I., 1625-1649. — Personally a great improve- 
ment over his father, but unreliable and unwise. Marriage 
with French Catholic Princess, Henrietta Maria, and re- 
tention of Buckingham, both unpopular acts at beginning. 

Badly managed war with Spain ; and failure of expedi- 
tion in relief of Rochelle in France (1627). 

33 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

First Parliament (1625), quarrel over grants. 

Second Parliament (1626), quarrel over impeachment of 
Buckingham. 

Two years of desperate efforts to raise money — illegal 
taxes, forced loan, general assessment or subsidy levied on 
whole people. 

Third Parliament. — Petition of Right, 1628, declared it 
illegal (1) to tax without consent of Parliament; (2) to 
billet soldiers on the people; (3) to imprison arbitrarily; 
(4) to exercise " martial law " in time of peace ; (5) to levy 
" benevolences." Charles, at his wits' ends for money, 
signed it for five "subsidies" (about £135,000), thus 
making the Petition of Right the law of the land. Like 
Magna Carta in its fundamental provisions and in fact that 
it was wrung from a reluctant king. " The second pillar 
of the British Constitution." Sir John Eliot, John Pym, 
John Hampden, and Thomas Wentworth, the great Parlia- 
mentary leaders. Murder of Buckingham (1628). 

Bitter dispute with next Parliament (1629) over church 
matters and whether "taxing" included "tonnage and 
poundage" (customs). Parliament dissolved, leaders im- 
prisoned, death of Eliot in prison. 

Eleven years of personal rule. — Constant violation of 
Petition of Right — imprisonment, tonnage and poundage, 
'■'■ship money'' (John Hampden), etc. Archbishop Laud, 
severe enforcement of ecclesiastical laws, persecution of 
"dissenters," Courts of Star Chamber and High Commis- 
sion busy. Emigration of Puritans. Wentworth (now on 
king's side) sent to Ireland ; rule of " thorough " ; made 
Earl of Strafford. 

Attempt to force Prayer-Book on Presbyterian Scotland 
(1637). Renewal of the "Solemn League and Covenant" 
(made first, 1557), by Scotch. Determined resistance, army 

34 



STUART KINGS 

raised. "First Bishops' War;" king helpless for want 
of money; Short Parliament (spring of 1640), no results; 
king tried again to raise army, Scotch invaded England ; 
Second Bishops' War; king again forced to summon 
Parliament. 

The ''Long Parliament,'' Nov., 1640, not legally dissolved 

for 20 years. Stern mood. Strafford (Wentworth) im- 
peached and executed by bill of attainder ; Laud impeached 
and imprisoned; Triennial Act, Parliament every three 
years ; Parliament not to be dissolved without its own con- 
sent ; " ship money " and " tonnage and poundage " declared 
illegal; Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission 
abolished. Division between Episcopal members and " Root 
and Branch" party — Presbyterians and Independents. 
Grand Reynonstrance (Nov., 1641), summing up in detail 
grievances against king. 

Attempted arrest of the Jive members (Jan., 1642) — Pym, 
Hampden, Haslerigg, Holies, and Strode. Intense excite- 
ment; withdrawal of king from London. Struggle for 
control of militia. 

Civil War (The "Puritan Revolution" or "Revolution 
of 1642") — Part I. 1642-1646. — Part XL 1648. 

Part I. In general, the nobility, church and university 
towns, and landed gentry with king ; London, the com- 
mercial towns, merchants, artisans, etc., with Parliament, 
" Cavaliers," " Roundheads." Royalist forces had advantage, 
at first, over untrained parliamentary army. Edgehill (Oct., 
1642), first battle. Numerous small skirmishes. "Solemn 
League and Covenant " with Scotland (1643). Cromwell's 
Ironsides. Battle of Marston Moor (July, 1644). Fairfax, 
and Oliver Croiivcell — Prince Rupert. Victory due to Crom- 
well. Beginning of Cromwell's career. Had been member 

35 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

of Parliament, but not prominent. Independents now more 
powerful than Presbyterians in Parliament for a time. 

Execution of Laud (1645). Self-denying Ordinance 
(1645). "New Model" army; Fairfax, Commander in 
Chief ; Cromwell, Lieutenant General. Battle of Nasehy 
(June, 1645), defeat of Rupert and King Charles ; capture 
of private papers. Surrender of the king to Scots (May, 
1646). 

Interval of Negotiation. — After six months' fruitless nego- 
tiation, Charles was turned over to Parliament (Jan., 1647). 
Quarrel between army, strongly Independent, and Parlia- 
ment, Presbyterian. Army refused to disband, seized king 
(Cornet Joyce, June, 1647), took possession of London, 
expelled Presbyterian leaders and proceeded to try its hand 
at negotiating with king. Flight of Charles to Carisbrooke 
Castle (Nov., 1647). His intrigue with Scots. 

Part II. Scotch army invaded England (July, 1648) under 
Hamilton. Unpopularity of army made many English 
join Scotch. But army equal to occasion. Chief battle, 
Preston (Aug., 1648), Cromwell victorious. 

The army embittered, and determined on death of 
Charles. Pride's Purge (Dec. 6, 1648), leaving in the Com- 
mons only 53 friends of army — "The Rump." Special 
" High Court of Justice." Trial of Charles. Execution, 
Jan. 30, 1649. 

THE COMMONWEALTH, 1649-1660. — Rule of the Rump 
— about four years. King and House of Lords abolished; 
the Rump, with a Council of State, supreme. Cromwell 
sent to subdue Ireland. Drogheda. About a third of 
population perished in the year of Cromwell's " harrying " 
the land. Next Scotland. Prince Charles won support 

36 



STUART KINGS 

of Presbyterians by accepting the Covenant. Battle of 
Dunbar (Sept. 3, 1650); Leslie beaten, Edinburgh occu- 
pied. Battle of Worcester (Sept. 3, 1651). Reduction of 
Scotland by General Monk. Escape of Prince Charles to 
France. War with Holland; navigation act ; Blake, English 
admiral, victorious over Royalists, and then over Dutch. 
Growing hostility between Cromwell and the Rump, which 
refused to give way to a really representative Parliament. 
Expulsion of the Rump (April, 1653.) 

The Protectorate (1653-1658). — " Barebone," or " Little " 
Parliament; very brief. Council of State, consisting of oj^m-s, 
drew up the instrument of Government, which provided for : 
(1) A Lord Protector, to hold office for life ; successor to be 
elected by the council. (2) A Council (13-21 members) 
to control, with Protector, peace and war, etc. (3) A Par- 
liament of one house, and about 500 members, to control 
taxation absolutely, and legislation (Protector had no right 
of veto). Voters for Parliament must have considerable 
property. Parliament showed distrust of democracy. 

The Instrument of Government was England's first at- 
tempt at a written constitution. N'ot very successful. Was 
accepted by Cromwell and went into force December, 1653, 
when Oliver Cromivell became Protector. 

N"o Parliament for nine months, Cromwell supreme. 
Next Parliament (Sept., 1654) as ineffectual as others. 
Military rule (1655) ; eleven districts, each ruled by a major 
general; stern suppression of sedition. Tolerance of Crom- 
well toward different beliefs ; Jews (expelled 1290) admitted. 
Stroncf foreign policy made England respected abroad. War 
ivith Spain (1655). Capture of Jamaica, Admiral Penn; 
more victories for Blake over pirates, Tunis, Algiers, and 
over Spanish. Alliance with France (1657). Capture of 
Dunkirk. 

3T 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

* The Humble Petition and Advice (1657), a plan presented by 
Parliament to change constitution (Instrument of Govern- 
ment). Chief changes — (1) to make Cromwell king, 
(2) to weaken the Council of State, and (3) to form a new 
House of Lords. Cromwell rejected crown, but accepted 
rest, and his title made hereditary. Quarrel about the name 
of the new House of Lords resulted in dismissal of Par- 
liament (Feb., 1658). Death of Cromwell, anniversary of 
Worcester and Dunbar, Sept. 3, 1658. 

Failure of Cromwell's efforts. Great difficulty of task. 
Besides Royalists (mostly Episcopalians), Presbyterians and 
Independents, were the Levelers, who wanted absolute de- 
mocracy, and many small religious sects, all pulling in 
diiferent directions. 

Time of Confusion (1658-1660). — Nominal continuation of 
Protectorate, for seven months under son, Richard Cromwell. 
Unequal to task, resigned. Strife between Parliament (the 
old Rump restored) and army. Rump dispersed ; confusion. 
General Monk marched to London, joined by Fairfax. Old 
Long Parliament, including Rump and members excluded 
by Pride's Purge, assembled, issued summons for a new 
parliament, and dissolved itself, March 16, 1660 — the 
legal end of Long Parliament, after 20 years chequered 
existence. 

''Declaration of Breda" issued by Charles, promised 
(1) pardon to all (except to such as Parliament might 
punish), (2) religious freedom, and (3) payment of Monk's 
army. " The Convention Parliament " voted restoration of 
king, Lords, and Commons as before, with Charles as king. 

Failure of the Commonwealth due to division of country by 
so many religious and political views hopelessly mingled; 
hence no unity of action, no republic possible, and necessity 

38 



STUART KINGS 

of strict rule by Cromwell, which produced general discon- 
tent. The Restoration period, which immediately follows, 
marked by reaction from Puritan severity — time of license 
and dissipation, led by king and court. 

CHARLES II., 1 660-1 685. — Clever, selfish, dissipated. Zeal 
of Convention Parliament — condemned 20 "regicides," 
members of High Court of Justice, to death, etc. ; abol- 
ished last relics of king's feudal dues, " purveyance," etc. ; 
voted regular revenue (excise and tonnage and poundage). 
Earl of Clarendon (Hyde), chancellor. 

Next Parliament (1601) also strongly Royalist, few 
Presbyterians. During four years passed series of 

Retaliatary Acts. — Corporation Act (1661). Purpose to 
drive Presbyterians out of office — required members of mu- 
nicipal corporations {i.e. town governments) : (a) to renounce 
FSlemn League and Covenant, (J>) to take sacrament accord- 
ing to the established church (Episcopal or "Anglican"), 
(c) to declare it illegal to take up arms against the king. 
Act of Uniformity (1662). To drive Presbyterians from the 
church — required clergymen to use revised prayer book, and 
all clergymen and teachers to conform to Corporation Act, 
(a), (6), and (c), above. 2000 ministers left church. The 
Conventicle Act (1664). To stop preaching by dissenters — 
all independent religious meetings of more than four persons 
beside household prohibited. The Five Mile Act (1665). To 
further stop dissenting clergy — forbade any minister or 
teacher to go within five miles of any city, town, or parish, 
where he had preached since 1660, unless he had taken 
(1) oath as required by the Corporation Act (c), and (2) an 
oath not to try to alter the government of church or state. 

Attempt to force Episcopacy (the established church of 
England) on Scotch. Bitter resistance by " Covenanters." 
Constant rebellion and turmoil in Scotland. 

39 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

. First Dutch War (1665-1667). — Cause, commercial rivalry. 
Lowestoft, Dutch defeat by James, Duke of York, king's 
brother. Great Plague (1665), and fire of London (1666). 
Reverses. Rupert and Monk, De Ruyter and Van Tromp. 
Dutch sailed up Thames. Treaty of Breda. 

Fall of Clarendon, unpopular with king and people, 
bore blame of Dutch war failure. The " Cahal " — Clifford, 
Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Ashley, 
Earl of Shafteshur//, most important. Germ of the Cabinet 
system tvas in this little group of counsellors. 

The Secret Treaty of Dover, 1670. Bargain between Louis 
XIV. of France and Charles II. Triple Alliance (Sir 
William Temple) : Holland, Sweden, and England. Louis 
XIV. ambitious to crush Protestantism, and Charles lacked 
money, hence the Treaty : (1) Charles to abandon triple 
alliance and to attack Dutch; (2) Charles to do what he 
could for Catholicism in England ; (3) Louis to give Charles 
a large sum and annual pension. 

Declaration of Indulgence (1672) by king to all non-con- 
formists. Parliament angry, forced Charles to withdraw it. 
Passed Test Act (1673) requiring all officers of the govern- 
ment to take Sacrament of the Established church and to 
renounce transubstantiation. Clifford, York, and others 
driven out of office. End of Cabal. 

Second Dutch War (1672-1674). — Cause, Charles's effort to 
carry out Treaty of Dover. Several sea fights. Louis XIV. 
thwarted — cutting of dikes. 

Earl of Danhy in power. Ashley in prison. King in 
pay of Louis XIV., got along without Parliament. Treaty 
of Nimwegen (1678). Marriage of William of Orange, 
" Stadtholder " of Holland, to Charles's daughter Mary. 

Popish Plot invented by Titus Oates. Mad fear of Catholic 
conspiracy. Return to power of Shaftesbury (Ashley) 

40 



STUART KINGS 

(1679). Exclusion Bill brought before successive Parlia- 
ments to exclude James, Duke of York, king's brother, from 
succeeding to the throne. Finally defeated. 

Beginning of political parties, as SUch — TOfles (Irish 

brigands), nickname for those who opposed the Exclusion 
Bill; Whigs (Scotch Presbyterians), those who favored it. 
Tories came to be the more conservative party, upholding 
hereditary right and the f^piscopal (Established) church; 
Whigs in favor of constitutional government and religious 
freedom. 

Habeas Corpus Act (1679) provided for a prompt hearing 
before proper legal authority and heavy fines for illegal 
imprisonment, so as to prevent unjust imprisonment. 

Reaction in favor of Charles (1683) . Downfall of Shaftes- 
bury. "Rye House Plot"; flight of Monmouth, illegitimate 
son of Charles II. 

Royal Society (1662) and Royal Observatory, Greenwich 
(1675), founded by Charles II. 

JAMES II., 1685-1688. — Not so attractive personally as 
his brother Charles II. Roman Catholic, anxious to re- 
store Catholicism. 

Monmouth's Rebellion (1685). — Duke of Monmouth 
claimed to be the legal son of Charles, so rightful heir to 
throne. Sedgemoor, defeat and execution of Monmouth. 
Churchill. Bloody Assize of Judge Jeffreys — executions 
and transportation to colonies. 

Causes leading to Revolution of 1688. — James defied Test 
Act, appointed many Catholic officers, sustained by sub- 
servient judges. Kept small standing army. Put Roman 
Catholics in Oxford. Pro-Catholic policy in Scotland and 
Ireland. Declaration of Indulgence — freedom of worship to 
Catholics and all dissenters (1687). Next year all clergy- 
men required to read the " Declaration " in churches. Peti- 

41 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

t.ion of the Seven Bishops. Trial and acquittal. Birth of son 
to James (1688). All this led up to 

The Revolution of 1688, or the " Glorious Revolution " : 
petition sent by leaders of parties and church to William 
of Orange, James's son-in-law. William landed, Nov. 5, 
1688. Another " Convention Parliament " met, deposed 
James IT., and chose William and Mary (after they agreed 
to "Declaration of Rights") by an "Act of Settlement" 
granting throne to William and Mary ; their children ; 
Anne ; her children. 

WILLIAM III. and MARY, 1 689-1 702. — Mary, daughter 
of James II., died 1694. William III., a cold, reserved man ; 
statesman and soldier. 

As result of the earlier and later struggles between 
Stuarts and Parliament, and the advantage of having elected 

the new sovereigns, Parliament notv became the chief power 

in the government. This position strengthened by two im- 
portant acts in the same year : 

I. The Bill of Rights, 1689. — (Substance of Declaration 
of Rights, above, now put in form of law.) 

Declared illegal — 1. Suspending or " dispensing " laws. 

2. Levying taxes without grant from 

Parliament. 

3. Maintaining standing army without 

consent of Parliament. 
Required — 4. Frequent meetings of Parliament. 

5. Free debate in Parliament. 

6. Free elections for Parliament. 
Maintained — 7. Right of petition. 

8. Right to bear arms. 

9. Exclusion of Roman Catholics from 

throne of England. 

42 



STUART KINGS 

Galled the " Third pillar of the British Constitution " ; a 
long step toward Constitutional Government. 

Ililkhe Mutiny Act, 1689. — Gave crown right to " court- 
marBP for mutiny or desertion, but provided that the act 
mus^ renewed annually; so Parliament kept control of dis- 
cipline in own hands. 

Two other acts of considerable importance, 1689 — Tol- 
eration Act, freedom of worship for all except Roman Catho- 
lics and Unitarians. Act of Supremacy, all officers of state 
and clergy required to take oath of allegiance to William 
and Mary. Those who refused to obey called " Non-Jurors." 
Those still favoring Stuarts called " Jacobites." 

War with James II. and Louis XIV. (1689-1697). — Begun 
in Ireland. Siege of Londonderry. Battle of the Boyne, 
1690. William victorious. Ireland subjugated. On the 
sea— Beachy Head, Tourville (1690), La Hogue (1692). 
In Holland — Steinkirk, Neerwinden (1693). W^illiam de- 
feated. France exhausted. Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 : 
restoration of conquests in America; Louis XIV. to rec- 
ognize William III. and to abandon supporting Stuarts. 

Scotland. — WiUisim accepted Scotch Declaration of 
Bights (1689) and established Presbyterianism as the Estab- 
lished church in Scotland. Rebellion under Graham of 
Claverhouse. Killiecrankie (1689). Disorder in the High- 
lands. "Massacre of Glencoe " (1692). Affection for the 
Stuarts lingered long in Highlands. 

Events of 1694. — Death of Queen Mary. Creation of the 
"Whig Junto" (Sunderland), group of chief ministers 
chosen from Whigs, who were naturally in power all this 
reign. — Second step in development of Cabinet System. Cabi- 
net now invariably changed when its party lacks major- 
ity in House of Commons. Establishment of Bank of Eng- 



43 



OUTLINE FOR EEVIEW 

land (Montague), giving new financial system. Triennial 
Act, requiring new elections for Parliament at least every 
three years. ^^ 

Causes of War of Spanish Succession. — Prospect O^Rleath 
of Charles IT. without direct heir caused fear thW am- 
bitious, scheming Louis XIV. would try to get his grandson 
Philip on throne and so destroy the " balance of power " 
in Europe. Two Partition Treaties. These repudiated by 
Louis on death of Charles II. (1700). French garrisons, 
border-towns. Grand Alliance against Louis XIV. — 
Austria, Holland, and England. England angered because 
Louis XIV. broke Treaty of Ryswick, on death of James 
II. (1701), by publicly declaring his son, the "Old Pre- 
tender," rightful heir to English throne. War declared. 

Second Act of Settlement (1701) further provided, if Anne 
left no heirs, throne to pass to Electress Sophia or children, 
and added further restrictions on sovereign — must be mem- 
ber of church of England, etc. 

ANNE, 1702-1714. — Sister of Queen Mary, younger daugh- 
ter of James II. Good natured, but not very capable. 
Entirely under influence of Duchess of Marlborough to 
1710, then of Lady Masham. The Duke of Marlhor^ough, 
formerly Col. Churchill, and Godolphin, etc. — Tory Cabi- 
net. Later became Whig leaders. Marlborough practical 
ruler nine years. 

War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713. — War barely begun 
when William died. Most of Europe involved. Most of 
fighting in Netherlands and along the Danube and Rhine. 
" Queen Anne's War " in American Colonies. Battle of 
Blenheim, 1704. Great victory of Marlborough and Prince 
Eugene of Savoy; important setback to ambitions of Louis 
XIV. Gibraltar (1714). Other victories of Marlborough — 

44 



HANOVERIAN KINGS 

Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708), Malplaquet (1709). 
Marlborough, charged with dishonesty, dismissed (1711). 
Treat^of Utrecht, 1713: (1) Louis acknowledged Queen 
Anne^aiid agreed to expel the Pretender ; (2) Philip (Louis' 
grandson) to remain king of Spain, but no connection with 
France ; (3) England to retain Gibraltar, Minorca, Nova 
Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay region; (4) com- 
mercial arrangements with France and Spain, and monopoly, 
for England, of slave trade to Spanish America (Asiento). 

Act of Union with Scotland, 1707. — United England and 
Scotland under one Parliament — 16 Scotch peers and 45 
Scotch members in House of Commons. 

Tory reaction (1710) due to growing unpopularity of 
Marlborough, loss of Queen's favor by his wife, and Dr. 
SacheverelVs impeachment by Whigs. Harley, Bolingbroke. 

Advance of constitutional government' in this reign. 
Cabinet well established. Last royal veto, 1707. 



HANOVERIAN KINGS 

1714-present time. ■ • 

TRIUMPH OF THE - BRITISH CONSTITUTION." 
AGE OF MACHINERY. ERA OF. REFORMS. 

GEORGE I., 1714-1727. — Son of Electress Sophia, of Han- 
over, great-grandson of James I. ; became king by Act of 
Settlement (1701); nearest Protestant heir. German in 
language and habits. This helped more strongly to establish 
the Cabinet and brought about third step in development of 
the Cabinet System — a " prime minister " became leader 
of Cabinet, presiding over its meetings instead of king ; 
gradually has become real ruler of England. 

45 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

" The Fifteen.'" Attempt of the old Pretender, James, to 
gain throne (1715). Defeat of Earl of Mar, Sheriffmuir- 
Derwentwater, Preston. Utter failure. 

South Sea Bubble — wild speculation and failures (1720). 

Robert Walpole first great prime minister ; 20 years ; peace 
policy ; maintained power by bribery and patronage — a 
practical politician. 

GEORGE II., 1727-1760. — Only average ability, fond of 
military life ; clever wife, Caroline of Anspach, induced him 
to keep Walpole prime minister. Period of peace broken 
much against his will by 

" War of Jenkin's Ear,'" 1739, with Spain, due to friction 
in colonies and on sea. Chiefly "privateering" — preying 
on Spanish commerce. Merged into 

War of Austrian Succession, 1 740-1 748, Cause, repudiat- 
ing of Pragmatic Sanction, an agreement to support Maria 
Theresa as Queen of Austria. England and Holland sided 
with Queen, against Prussia (Frederick the Great). France 
and Spain. Battle of Dettlngen (1743). Former victorious; 
last battle English king fought in person. Fontenoy (1745) 
defeated. Result — 

" The Forty-Five" last attempt of Stuarts ; " Prince 
Charlie," the "young Pretender," grandson of James 11. 
Supported by some Highland clans. Preston Pans suc- 
cessful, but routed Culloden (1746). 

War of Austrian Succession ended by Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1748. Conquests restored. Series of Wars between 
1754-1763, more or less involved with each other. 

(1) French and Indian PTar in America (1754-1760). Brad- 
dock's defeat; various failures; saved by William Pitt, 
later Earl of Chatham, " the Great Commoner," Secretary 
of State, who chose able commanders and aroused Eng- 
lish patriotism. Wolfe, Montcalm, Battle of Quebec. 
46 



HANOVERIAN KINGS 

(2) Seven Vears' War, 1756-1762. Pitt's policy to help 
Frederick the Great of Prussia with money, against 
France and Austria (this was due to revenge of Maria 
Theresa and jealousy of France). Minden. 

(3) War between English and French in India. Rivalry 
between the two East India companies in early '50's. 
" Black Hole of Calcutta " ( 1756) . Robert Clive. Great 
victory at Plassey, 1757. 

By (1) England gained supremacy in North America, and 
by (3), in India. The treaty of Paris, 1763, ended brief 
conflict with Spain, and war with France settled this great 
addition to English colonies, and minor details. 

Moral condition of England, first half of 18th century, 
very low. Great intemperance and ignorance ; the church 
very worldly. Methodist Movement, John Wesley, helped 
improve moral tone. 

GEORGE III., 1760-1820. — Grandson of George II. Vir- 
tuous in private life, a good politician, no statesman. Deter- 
mined to " be king." Former methods of absolutism now 
impossible. George III.'s plan was to use power and patron- 
age to build up party of his own — " the king's friends" — 
in Parliament. 

General political corruption made this possible. The 
Commons really represented landowners ; great families ; 
"pocket" or "rotten boroughs." 

Treaty of Paris, 1763 — see last reign. 

The John Wilkes Affair, 1763-1782. — " North Briton," No. 
45, abused king. Wilkes imprisoned. Expelled from 
Parliament and elected again four times. Much popular 
agitation. Wilkes looked on as champion of liberty. 
Letters of "Junius," etc. Final victory. Showed power of 
public opinion, helped liberty of press, and vindicated right 
of constituency to elect own representative. 

47 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

American Revolution. — Irritation of colonists over Naviga- 
tion Acts and other trade restrictions, 1765-1775. Series of 
quarrels over various measures — Stamp Act (1765), Town- 
shend Acts (1767), Tea tax maintained to establish principle 
(1770), various disorders, Boston Port Bill, etc., puni- 
tive measures. Pitt (Chatham), Burke, and Fox in favor of 
conciliation, but the king's party in control, so George, 
largely responsible with help of Lord North (prime min- 
ister, 1769-1782). War, 1775-1783, resulting in loss of 
colonies. 

Trouble in Ireland; repeal of Poynings' Acts (Henry 
VII.) restored self-government to Ireland. " Gordon Riots" 
(1780), fanatical outbreak due to good law repealing Cath- 
olic disabilities. — Setback to reform — as it caused fear of 
giving lower classes power. Advance of English power in 
India, under Warren Flastings. 

William Pitt the Younger, son of Chatham, prime minister 
at twenty-five, 1783-1801 and 1804-1806. Great financier 
and statesman ; scrupulously honest. Improved methods of 
taxing, etc. Impeachment of Warren Hastings. Famous 
trial (1788-1795), Burke, Fox, and Sheridan. Acquitted, 
but benefit to Indian government. 

French Revolution, 1 789. — Tremendous upheaval due to 
long oppression, and financial crisis resulting from expensive 
wars and extravagance of kings and court. Effect on Eng- 
lish politics : Pitt, Burke, and other Whigs went over to 
Tories, who became more conservative than ever, owing to 
excesses of the Revolution. Fox and Grey leaders of Whigs 
who sympathized with French people. As the Revolution 
grew more violent, English sympathy grew less. 

"Napoleonic" Wars or First and Second wars with 
France — 

48 



HANOVERIAN KINGS 

Mrst War, 1793-1802. — In delirium of republicanism, 
French abolished kingdom, established re^blic (1792), be- 
headed king Louis XVI. (Reign of Terror, *1793), and f-e- 
solved to help all rest of Europe to throw off yoke of kings ! 
War declared on England, by French leaders of 'France, 
1793- Spain, Holland, Austria, ai;d Prussia f^Aed "Coali- 
tion " with England at first, but by 1801 England left alone. 
Pitt's policy (1) to help war in Europe with money, (2) to 
use England's naval power gainst French commerce and 
colonies. Napokon Bonaparte's career began about 1795. 
Cape of Good nope seized by England, 1795. Sea fight. 
Cape St. Vincem (1797), Jervis and Nelson victorious. 
Camperdown, Dutch by Duncan. Battle of the Nile (Aboiikir 
Bay), 1798, Nelson's great victory, thwarted Napoleon's 
invasion of India. Napoleon First Consul (1799). Exer- 
cise of " right of search " by En;^land — league of Russia, 
Prussia, Sweden, and Denmark (" Armed Neutrality ") 
broken up by Nelson, Copenhagen (1801). Peace of Amiens, 
1802: England to drop title of "King of France" (used 
since Henry VI.) and to restore territory; France to refrain 
from aggression. 

Second War, 1803-1814, 1815. — Napoleon broke treaty 
and England followed. Attempted invasion. Great French 
army at Boulogne. Pitt made anotJier coalition, Ville- 
neuve's stratagem. Battle of Trafalgar, 1805. England 
saved; death of Nelson, England's greatest admiral. Napo- 
leon turned to crush Austria (Austerlitz, 1805) and Prussia 
(Jena, 1806). Despair and death of Pitt (1806). Berlin 
and Milan decrees (1806 and 1807) by Napoleon forbade all 
trade with England, and ordered seizure of any ships touch- 
ing at English port. England replied with Orders in 
Council (1807) forbidding all vessels to trade with ports 
controlled by Napoleon. 

49 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 



Most of Europe was ruled by Napoleon after Peace of 
Tilsit, 1807, but\ack of navy kept Napoleon from enforcing 
d^rees. \ 



Peninsular Carf^mign, 1808-1814. — Spain appealed to Eng- 
land for np^p. Sir \rthur Wellesley (Wellington) not very 
successful ^first. Slow ^progress. Torres Vedras (1810) ; 
Badajos and Salamanca (1812) ; Vittoria (1813), great 
victory over Joseph, Napoleon's brother. French driven 
from Spain. Enormous cost\ 30,000 men, £100,000,000. 
* Capture of Paris by allied armies. Ab(^cation of Napo-^ 
leon. Elba (18lJ\ "The Hundred Da;^" (March-June, 
1815). Return of Napoleon, great army .^n raised. Duke 
of Wellington and Bliicner. ^iicler repulsed, Ligny. 
Battle of Waterloo, June 17, 1815.^ St. Helena. Congress 
of Vienna. " The Great powers." 

War of 1812-1S14, United States. — Caused by blockades in 
connection with Orders in Council, exercise of "right of 
search " and impressment of seamen. American success in 
sea duels. English success on land till New Orleans (Jack- 
son) . Treaty of Ghent. 

Act of Jjnion with Ireland, 1800, by Pitt followed disturb- 
ance and attempts at revolution. Irish Parliament abolished ; 
Irish members brought into English Parliament (24 peers and 
100 representatives). 

The latter part of 18th century — beginning of age of 
machinery — steam engine, Watt, machinery for cloth-mak- 
ing, Hargreaves, Arkwright, etc., with successive inventions 
in next century. The first part of 19th century much rioting 
and disorder (Luddites), owing to changed conditions. Rise 
of factory towns helped hasten reform of Parliamentary repre- 
sentation. Manchester, or Peterloo " massacre." 

Insanity of George III. last ten years. Lord Liverpool 

50 



HANOVERIAN KINGS 

Tory prime minister (1812-1827). Customs duties, even 
on grain (corn law, 1815) made England at this time a 
''protective" country. Abolition of slave trade (1807). 

GEORGE IV., 1 820-1830. — Fifty-eight. Selfish spendthrift. 
" Cato street conspiracy," plot to assassinate the Cabinet. 
Unfortunate Queen Caroline excluded from coronation. 

New political leaders: Canning, Huskisson, Peel, and 
Russell. Beginning of Reforms : repeal of severe criminal 
code, due to Sir Robert Peel (182o) ; beginning of tariff 
reductioi^ by "reciprocity " duties, etc. Huskisson (1823). 
Removal hf Catholic disabilities, 1828 — repeal of Test and 
Corporation. Acts of Charles II.'s reign admitted Roman 
Catholics and dissenters to national and municipal offices; 
while the Catholic relief bill, 1829, admitted them to the 
franchise ^and to Parliament. Daniel O'Connell, great Irish 
patriot, Catholic Association (1823), largely instrumental 
in bringing this about ; Duke of Wellington, prime minis- 
ter. ' 

Beginning of modern police system; organized by Sir 
Robert Peel, hence " bobbys " or " peelers." 

Interference of England in Greek war of independence. 
Navarino (1827). 

WILLIAM IV., 1830-1837. — Brother of George IV. Sixty- 
five. " The Sailor King." More popular than his disreputa- 
ble brother. Opening of the first railway (1830). Stephenson. 

Great series of reforms : 

The Reform Bill of 1832, or The First Reform Bill. The 
House of Commons still /ar/rom representative because of (a) 
rather high money restriction for suffrage (right to vote), 
(6) " rotten " boroughs, with little or no population, yet 
represented in Parliament, (c) large manufacturing cities 
entirely unrepresented. 

51 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

Bill introduced, 1831, by Lord John Russell (Lord Grey, 
prime minister), failed to pass ; Parliament dissolved " appeal 
to the country," i.e. if electors wanted bill passed they could 
now elect men who would vote for it. Result : new House 
of Commons passed it by good majority. Defeated by House 
of Lords. Finally appeal of the king, and possibility of 
appointment of enough Lords to pass bill, induced Lords to 
yield; passed, 1832. 

Provisions : 

(o) 56 " rotten boroughs " abolished. 

(h) 32 boroughs deprived of one member. 

(c) 65 new members given to the counties. 

{d) 44 members given to 22 large towns like Manchester, 
Leeds, etc. 

(e) 21 members to 21 small towns. 

(/) Property qualification for suffrage — landKolders and 
tenants who were fairly well to do. 

In brief, The First Reform Bill (1832) redistributed 
the parliamentary districts of England so as to make 
the House of Commons really represent all parts of the 
country, and by adding about 200,000 voters gave more 
of the middle classes a voice in the government. Work- 
men in factories, miners, small farmers, and farm laborers 
not yet admitted. 

Abolition of Slavery, 1833. — Result of long effort by Wil- 
berforce, Clarkson, Zachary Macaulay, and others. 800,000 
slaves freed; £20,000,000 paid. 

Factory Acts, 1833, prohibited child labor, reduced long 
hours of work, etc. 

Education, 1833 ; beginning of public education by grant 
of aid to private schools. 

Church reform in Ireland, 1833, result of so-called "Tithe 
War " — reduction of number of high church officials. But 

52 



HANOVERIAN KINGS 

the Episcopal church in Ireland continued great burden till 
disestablishment (1868). 

Poor Laws revised, 1834. Wasteful distribution of money- 
stopped. 

Municipal Corporations Act (1835) abolished government 
by closed {i.e. self-perpetuating) bodies, called corporations ; 
provided for city officers and councils elected by popular 
vote. 

Publication of voting lists and of parliamentary debates. 

Non-conformists relieved of tithes in " produce." 

Change, during this reign, of party names : Tories began 
to be called Conservatives, and AVhigs, Liberals. 

VICTORIA, 1837-1901. — Daughter of the Duke of Kent 
(brother of William IV.). Remarkable good sense and 
judgment. 

Final step in development of Cabinet System. — Up to this 

time the sovereign had at times followed personal wish 
in choice or dismissal of ministers. Henceforth the Prime 
Minister and his Cabinet appointed from party in power, 
according to advice of party leaders, resigning only when 
their measures not supported by the House of Commons. 
Thus Cabinet directly responsible to Commons, and Com- 
mons to people. Even in so small a matter as appointment 
of the ladies of her household, Victoria yielded to wish of 
Prime Minister. No veto of bills passed by Parliament 
since Queen Anne's reign (1707). Complete triumph of 
Constitutional government, democratic in essence. 

Chartist Movement (18o8-1848), for bringing about further 
reforms, embodied in " Peoptle's Charter" — (1) manhood 
suffrage; (2) voting by ballot; (3) annual Parliaments; 
(4) removal of property qualifications for seat in the Com- 
mons ; (5) equal parliamentary or ''electoral" districts; 

53 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

(6) payment of members of the Commons. O'Connor. 
Campaign of education. Fiasco of the giant petition. The 
" Charter " never passed, but most of the reforms were, later. 

Anti-Corn Law League (1837-1846). — Richard Cobden, 
John Bright. Beginning of reduction of duties on imports 
(1844). Sir Robert Peel. Irish famine. Repeal of Com 
Laws, 1846. England free trade country since 1850. 

Marriage of Queen, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 
(1840). Cheap postage, Sir Rowland Hill (1839). " Opium 
War " with China (1839). The Kabul massacre (1842), 
and further conquests in India, addition of Scinde (1843). 
Napier and the Punjab (1848). 

The Crimean War, 1854-1856. — " The Eastern Question." 
Menace of Russia made. France and England join Turkey 
against Russia to keep Constantinople, the key of the Black 
Sea, from falling into Russia's hands. Balaklava. Inkerman, 
Siege of Sehastopol. Indian Mutiny (1857-1858). Cawn- 
pore, Lucknow, Delhi — Nicholson and Havelock. India 
made part of the Empire, under a Viceroy. Further trouble 
with China caused opening of more Chinese ports to English 
trade. 

Polilical Leaders. — Chief leaders, early part of this reign. 
Sir Robert Peel, Lord Palmerston, and Lord John Russell. 
Party names of Conservative and Liberal now well estab- 
lished. New Leaders — Wm. E. Gladstone, entered Parlia- 
ment (1833) ; numerous lesser cabinet positions. Chancellor 
of Exchequer (1853) ; on death of Palmerston (1865) be- 
came acknowledged leader of Liberal party. Great orator, 
financier, statesman, and scholar. Benjamin Disraeli (later 
Lord Beaconsfield), entered Parliament (1837), conquered 
obstacles of birth and manner, became Gladstone's rival 
and leader of Conservative party ; brilliant speaker, foreign 
policy, aimed at popularity, "jingoism." Gladstone four 

54 



HANOVERIAN KINGS 

times Prime Minister; Disraeli, twice. The Marquis of 
Salisbury, three times Prime Minister; probably the next 
most important political leader of last half century. 

Reform Bill of 1867. — (Second Reform Bill), Disraeli. 
Extended franchise so as to include most workmen, and 
small farmers. Practically only class excluded now, farm 
laborers and the very poor in cities. About two thirds of 
men in England now had right to vote. Redistribution of 
Parliamentary districts. 

Competitive civil service (1870) and voting by ballot 
(1871) did away with much bribery and corruption. Abo- 
lition of religious tests for entering Oxford and Cambridge 
(1871). Reorganization of army (1871). Incorporation of 
trade unions (1871). 

Irish reforms. — Yenmn Society (1859) attempted to gain 
justice for Ireland. Terrorism. Gladstone, champion of 
Irish, brought about disestablishment of Protestant church in 
Ireland (1869), and first Irish Land Act (1870) compensated 
tenants for improvements, and government loans to purchase 
land. Also, Education Act (1879) benefited both England 
and Ireland — general extension of " Board Schools," and so 
of education of all classes. 

Disraeli's triumphs abroad — purchase of control of Suez 
Canal ; diplomatic victory over Russia, Congress of Berlin 
(1878) ; queen declared empress of India (1877) ; reannexing 
of Transvaal (1877). 

Revolt of Boers under Kruger (1880), Majuba Hill (1881). 
Pretoria convention. Independence of Transvaal under 
suzerainty of England. Discovery of gold, increase of alien 
residents (Uitlanders). Jameson's Raid. Fruitless negotia- 
tions. Boer War, 1899-1902. Transvaal and Orange Free 
State. Kimberley. Maf eking. Lord Roberts. Stubborn 
resistance of Boers. Annexation of the two republics. 

55 



OUTLINE FOR RKVIP:W 

Egypt. — War with Egypt (1882) established English con- 
trol over the Khedive and Egyptian affairs, Sudan cam- 
paign ; the Mahdi ; General Gordon. Massacre at Khartum. 
Later, campaign of Kitchener, and Fashoda affair. Major 
Marchand. Egyj^t prosj)erous under England's guidance. 

Reform Bill of 1884. — (Third Reform Bill.) Gladstone. 
Further extension of suffrage brought about practically 
universal suffrage, and redistribution (1885) gave fair 
representation in House of Commons. 

^'■Hoyne Rule.'' i\Iore Irish troubles. " Boycotting." Out- 
rages. Charles Stuart Parnell, great Irish leader. Ob- 
struction. Split of Liberals over Home Rule {i.e. restoration 
of Irish Parliament) into Liberal (Gladstone) favoring, and 
Liberal Unionist (Joseph Chamberlain) opposing it. Glad- 
stone's Home Rule Bill, 1886, defeated. Gladstone's Second 
Home Rule Bill, 1893. Great political battle in House 
of Commons. Passed, but defeated by House of Lords. 

Local Government Act (1888), Salisbury, "County Coun- 
cils," elective, had entire control of county affairs. This 
local self-government extended by " Parish councils " (1894), 
and later given to Scotland and Ireland. 

Famous Men of the 19th Century. Literature. — T. B. Ma- 
caulay, historian, essayist, and poet; remarkably versatile. 
Dickens, Thackeray, and George Eliot the three greatest 
novelists of the Victorian Era. Tennyson and Browning, 
its greatest poets. Carlyle, philosopher, historian, and 
essayist ; Ruskin, critic, and master of English style ; Mat- 
thew Arnold, essayist, critic, and poet. 

Science. — Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, great 
thinkers — theory of "evolution." Huxley, Tyndall, Davy, 
and Lord Kelvin, distinguished scientists. 

Art. — Watts and Burne-Jones, great painters. William 
Morris, artist, poet, and craftsman. 

56 



TYPICAL QUESTIONS 

SELECTED FROM RECENT EXAMINATIONS SET FOR 
ADMISSION TO LEADING COLLEGES 

Where have you studied this subject? 
How much time have you given to it? 
What text-book have you used? 
What else have you read on the subject? 

1. How has English history been affected by English 
geographical position and physical features? 

2. What were the Petition of Right and the Bill of 
Rights ? 

3. When and how were Scotland and Ireland united to 
England ? 

4. The career of Marlborough. 

5. Name the Tudor sovereigns. What marriage alliances 
with foreigners did any of them make? 

6. The Black Death and its effects. 

7. What treaties of peace to which England was a party 
were made during the eighteenth century? Give dates and 
territorial changes made by each. 

8. Locate, give date, and important event which occurred 
at Bannockburn, Pevensey, Naseby, Bosworth Field, Boyne, 
Londonderry. 

9. What rank would you give the elder Pitt (Earl of 
Chatham) among the statesmen of England? Justify your 
opinion by a discussion of his public career. 

10. Give the main facts about the origin and growth of 
the jury system. What was the law of Mortmain? of 
Entail ? of Praemunire ? In whose reign was each passed ? 

11. Give an account of the Danes in Saxon England. 
Explain Danegeld, Danelaw. 

67 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

12. Give the provisions of the Act of Settlement 
(1701). 

13. When was Mary Queen of Scots driven out of Scot- 
land? Where did she go, and what did she ask? How 
was she treated, and what befell her in the end? Give the 
dates. 

14. The career of Warren Hastings. 

15. Under what Roman Emperors were expeditions sent 
to England? What effect was produced upon England 
when the Roman legions were withdrawn between a.d. 401 
andA.D. 410? 

16. Explain : the interference of Edward I. in the affairs 
of Scotland ; Wat Tyler's revolt ; the Act of Supremacy. 

17. Make a statement of the ship-money case (1637). 
Why is it important in English history? 

18. Name and give some account of what you consider 
the three most important measures in English history since 
1775. 

19. How, and for what reasons, did England express 
opposition to Russia in 1854 and 1878 ? 

20. State what service was rendered to learning by five 
of the following men : Alfred, Roger Bacon, Francis Bacon, 
Bede, Caxton, Erasmus, Thomas More, Isaac Newton. 

21. What were the chief matters of interest in English 
foreign policy between the years 1700-1800? 

22. Show how the barons were responsible for the War 
of the Roses, and how their domination was ended by these 
wars, and by the policy of Henry VII. 

23. What considerations might have been urged for and 
against (a) the Constitution of Clarendon, (b) the religious 
policy of Henry VIII., (c) the disestablishment of the 
English Church? 

24. The importance of Magna Carta. 

58 



TYPICAL QUESTIONS 

25. Who were Dunstan? Stephen Langton? Wyclif? 
Simon de Montf ort ? Jack Cade ? Cranmer ? Laud ? Burke ? 
Disraeli ? 

26. Name three unjust acts of Charles I. which helped to 
bring on civil war. Principal leaders in that war. 

27. What was Gladstone's policy in regard to Ireland ? 

28. Thomas Cromwell: (a) What office did he hold? 
(h) How did he increase the royal power? 

29. In virtue of what Act did the House of Hanover come 
to the English throne? When was it passed? What did it 
determine as to the relations of Parliament and crown ? 

30 What events led to the coming of the Spanish Armada 
to England ? What is the significance of the defeat of the 
Armada ? 

31. Discuss the ministry of Walpole. 

32. What was the attitude of England and the English 
people toward the United States during the Civil War? 
Explain the Trent affair and the Alabama claims. 

33. What has been the policy of Great Britain in regard 
to the Turkish Empire ? 

34. An account of two of the following English states- 
men : Hubert Walter ; Thomas Cromwell ; George Can- 
ning. 

35. Oliver Cromwell as a statesman. 

36. Who was Queen Victoria ? Name three writers, three 
scientists, and three statesmen who lived and worked during 
her reign. In what respects was the cause of the common 
people aided during the time? 

37. Magna Carta; its making and its important pro- 
visions. 

38. The course of events between 1000 and 1066 which 
show how it was possible for William the Norman to gain 
control of England. 

59 



OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 

39. Explain : scutage ; reasons for the quarrel between 
Henry IT. and Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canter- 
bury ; Lollards ; Agincourt ; ship-money. 

40. Causes and results of the Hundred Years' War. 

4L Explain: 410, 871, 1066, 1215, 148.5, 1558, 1649, 1688, 
1714, 1763, 1832, 1857. 

42. Describe briefly the chief turning points in the com- 
mercial relations of England and the l^ow Counties (Nether- 
lands). 

43. The political career and writings of John Milton. 

44. Who was the Protector, Somerset? Give a brief 
account of his career. 

45. What were the causes of the War of the Spanish Suc- 
cession and what part did England take in it? 

46. Crown and Parliament in the 15th century. 

47. Compare and contrast the policies of Gladstone and 
Disraeli. 

48. What was the continental system? What were the 
effects of the system upon England? 

49. Describe the government of a self-governing British 
colony and mention three such colonies. 

50. Describe either the Peasant Revolt of 1831 or the 
Labor Agitation from 1815 to 1820, treating the following 
topics : (a) the grievances of laborers and artisans ; (b) irri- 
tating legislation ; (c) acts of violence, (d) results. 



60 



INDEX 



Note. —The pupil will find all Battles, Laws, and Wars arranged both in 
chronological order under those special headings, and in alphabetical order 
throughout the Index. 



Aboukir Bay, battle of, 49. 

Act of Annates, 27. 

Act of Settlement, First, 42 ; Sec- 
ond, 44, 45. 

Act of Supremacy, First, 27 ; 
Second, 29; Third, 43. 

Act of Uniformity, 29, 39. 

Africa, war with (Boers), 55. 

Agincourt, battle of, 23. 

Agricola, 6. 

Aidan, 7. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 46. 

Albert, Prince (husband of Queen 
Victoria), 54. 

Alfred the Great, 8, 11, 13. 

American Revolution, 48. 

Amiens, Peace of, 49. 
Treaty of, 23. 

Angevin, defined, 14. 

Angles, 6. 

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 10. 

Anglo-Saxons, 7. 

Anjou, Count of, 14. 

Anne of Cleves, 28. 

Anne, Queen, 44, 45. 

Anselm, Archbishop, 14. 

Anti-Corn-Law League, 54. 

Antonine, wall of, 6. 

Arkwright, Sir Richard, 50. 

Arlington, Earl of, 40. 

Armada, the, 31. 



Armed neutrality, 49. 

Army, reorganization of, 55. 

Arnold, Matthew, 56. 

Arthur, King, 7. 

Arthur, son of Geoffrey, 16. 

Arthur, son of Henry VIL, 26. 

Ashley, Lord, see Shaftesbury, 

Earl of. 
Assandun, battle of, 9. 
Assize of Arms, 15. 
Atheluy, 8. 
Athelstan, King, 8. 
Augustine, landed in Kent, 7. 
Austerlitz, battle of, 49. 
Austria, in "Coalition," 49. 
Austrian Succession, War of, 46. 

Babington plot, 31. 

Bacon, Lord, 33. 

Bacon, Roger, 18. 

Bacon, Sir Francis, 32. 

Badajos, battle of, 50. 

Balaklava, battle of, 54. 

Baliol, John, 18, 20. 

Bank of England, establishment 
of, 43. 

Bannockburn, battle of, 20. 

Barnet, battle of, 25. 

Barons (chronologically ar- 
ranged) : 
duties and powers of, 11, 12. 



61 



INDEX 



kept in check by William II., 13. 

under Henry II., scutage, 15. 

John's war with, 16. 

Simon de Montfort, leader of, 
17, 18. 

under Edward I., 19. 

under Edward II., 20. 

lawlessness of (under Henry 
VI.) , 23. 

under Henry VII., 26. 
Barons of Exchequer, 14. 
Battles (chronologically ar- 
ranged) : 

Heathfield, 8. 

Winwaedsfield, 8. 

Ethandune, 8. 

Assandun, 9. 

Stamford Bridge, 11. 

Hastings (Senlac), 11. 

Tinchebrai, 13. 

Battle of the Standard, 14. 

Battle of the Bouvines, 16. 

Runnymede, 16. 

Lewes, 17. 

Evesham, 18. 

Falkirk, 18. 

Banuockburn, 20. 

Hallidon Hill, 20. 

Sluys, 20. 

Crecy, 20. 

Neville's Cross, 20. 

Calais, siege of (Edward III.), 
20. 

Poitiers, 20. 

Shrewsbury, 22. 

Agincourt, 23. 

Siege of Orleans, 23. 

St. Albans (First), 24. 

Northampton, 24. 

Wakefield, 24. 

St. Albans (Second), 24. 

Towton, 24. 



Barnet, 25. 

Tewkesbury, 25. 

Bos worth Field, 25. 

Flodden Field, 27. 

Battle of the Spurs, 27. 

Pinkie, 28. 

Calais, loss of, 29. 

Calais (sea fight) , 31. 

Edgehill, 35. 

Marston Moor, 35. 

Naseby, 36. 

Preston, 36. 

Drogheda, 36. 

Dunbar, 37, 38. 

Worcester, 37, 38. 

Jamaica, capture of, 37. 

Dunkirk, capture of, 37. 

Lowestoft, 40. 

Sedgemoor, 41. 

Killiecrankie, 43. 

Boyne, 43. 

Beachy Head, 43. 

La Hogue, 43. 

Steinkirk, 43. 

Neerwinden, 43. 

Blenheim, 44. 

Ramillies, 45. 

Oudenarde, 45. 

Malplaquet, 45. 

Dettingen, 46. 

Fontenoy, 46. 

Culloden, 46. 

Braddock's defeat, 46. 

Quebec, 46. 

Plassey, 47. 

Cape St. Vincent, 49. 

Camperdown, 49. 

Battle of the Nile (Aboukir 

Bay), 49. 
Copenhagen, 49. 
Trafalgar, 49. 
Austerlitz, 49. 



62 



INDEX 



Jena, 49. 

Torres Vedras, 50. 

Badajos, 50. 

Salamanca, 50. 

Vittoria, 50. 

Ligny, 50. 

Waterloo, 50. 

New Orleans (War of 1812), 50. 

Navarino, 51. 

Balaklava, 54. 

Inkerman, 54. 

Sebastopol, siege of, 54. 

Majuba Hill, 55. 

Kimberley, siege of. 55. 

Mafeking, siege of, 55. 
Beachy Head, battle of, 43. 
Beaufort, Edmund, 24. 
Becket, Thomas a, 15. 
Bede, the Venerable, 10. 
Bedford, Duke of, 23. 
Benevolences, 25, 26, 34. 
Berlin, Congress of, 55. 

Decree, 49. 
Bernicia, kingdom of, 7. 
Bible, English, 27, 28, 33. 
Bill of Attainder, 24. 

of Rights, 42. 
Bishops, Seven, Petition of the, 

41. 
Bishops' War, First, 35; Second, 

35. 
Black Death, 20, 21. 
Black Friars, Court of, 27. 
Black Hole of Calcutta, 47. 
Black Prince, 20, 21. 
Blake, Admiral, 37. 
Blenheim, battle of, 44. 
Bloody Assize, 41. 
Bliicher, Marshal, 50. 
Boadicea, 6. 
Boer War, 55. 
Boleyn, Anne, 27, 28. 



Bolingbroke, Lord, 45. 
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 49, 50. 
Boroughs, origin of name, 10. 

rotten, 47, 51, 52. 
Boston Port Bill, 48. 
Bosworth Field, battle of, 25. 
Bothwell, Earl of, 31. 
Bouvines, battle of the, 16. 
Boyne, battle of the, 43. 
Braddock's defeat, 46. 
Breda, Declaration of, 38. 

Treaty of, 40. 
Bretigny, Peace of, 21. 
Bright, John, 54. 
Britain, Count of, 6. 
Britain, Christianity in, 7. 

origin of name, 5. 

region called, 7. 
'' Briton, North" (No. 45), 47. 
Britons, 5, 7. 
Britons, Duke of, 6. 
Bronze Age, 5. 
Browning, Robert, 56. 
Brownists, see Independents. 
Bruce, David, 20. 
Bruce, Robert, 18, 20. 
Brythons, 5. 
Buckingham, Duke of (George 

Villiers),33,34, 40. 
Buckingham, Edward Stafford, 

revolt of, 25. 
Burgh, Hubert de, 17. 
Burgundians, 23. 
Burke, Edmund, 48. 
Burleigh, Lord, 33. 
Burne-Jones, Sir Edward, 56. 

Cabal, The, 40. 

Cabinet, plot to assassinate, 51. 
Cabinet system, germ of, 40. 
development of, 43, 45, 53. 
Caedmon, 10. 



63 



INDEX 



Caesar, invasions of, 5. 
Calais, loss of, 29. 

sea fight off, 31. 

siege of, 20. 
Calvin, John, 30. 
Cambridge (University of), 18, 55. 
Camperdown, battle of, 49. 
Canning, George, 51. 
Canterbury, Archbishop of, head 

of English church, 13. 
Canterbury, first monastery in, 7. 
Canute, King, 9. 
Cape of Good Hope, seized, 49. 
Cape St. Vincent, sea fight, 49. 
Carisbrooke Castle, 36. 
Carlyle, Thomas, 56. 
Caroline of Anspach, 46. 
Caroline, Queen, 51. 
Carr, Robert, 33. 
Catesby, Kobert, 33. 
Catholics (chronologically ar- 
ranged) : 

in eatly England, 7. 

Established church separated 
from pope, 27, 28. 

supremacy of pope restored, 29. 

under James II., 33. 

Princess Henrietta Maria, 33. 

under Charles II., 40. 

in Oxford, 41. 

Pro-Catholic policy in Scotland 
and Ireland, 41. 

Declaration of Indulgence, 41. 

Bill of Rights, 42. 

Toleration Act, 43. 

removal of Catholic disabili- 
ties, 51. 

Catholic relief bill, 51. 

Catholic Association, 51. 
Cato Street Conspiracy, 51. 
Cavaliers, 35. 
Cawnpore, 54. 



Caxtun, William, 25. 

Cecil (son of Lord Burleigh) , 33. 

Cecil, William (Lord Burleigh) > 

29, 31. 
Celtic invasions, 5. 
Celtic peoples, 7. 
Cerdic, 8, 13. 
Chamberlain, Joseph, 56. 
Charles I., 33-36. 
Charles II., as king, 39-41. 

as prince, 36, 37. 
Charles Y., of Spain, 27. 
Charles VI., of France, 23. 
Charles VII., of France. 23. 
Charlie, Prince, see Pretender, 

Young. 
Charter of Liberties, 13. 
Chartist movement, 53. 
Chaucer, 22. 

China, opium war with, 54. 
Chinese ports, opened to England, 

54. 
Christianity, in early England, 6. 

in Ireland and Britain, 7. 
Church, Feudal, 13. 

history of (Bede), 10. 

Irish, 7. 

of England, established, 29. 

reform, in Ireland, 52. 

Roman, 7. 

See also Catholics, Episcopacy, 
Presbyterians, and Courts. 
Churchill, Col., see Marlborough, 

Duke of, 7. 
Circuit Courts, 15. 
Civil war (Stephen), 14; (Henry 
IIL), 17; (Charles L, "The 
Puritan Revolution "), 35. 
Clarence, 25. 
Clarendon, Constitutions of, 15. 

fall of, 40. 
Clarendon, Earl of (Hyde), 39. 



64 



INDEX 



Clarkson, Thomas, 52. 
Claudius, Emperor, 6. 
Claverhouse, Graham of, 43. 
Clergy, "regular" and "secu- 
lar," 9. 
Clifford, Sir Thomas, 40. 
Clive, Robert, 47. 
Cobden, Richard, 54. 
Colet, Dean, 26. 
Common Law, 10. 
Commons, enclosures of public 
lands, 28. 

See also House of Commons. 
Commonwealth, the, 30-39. 
Compeggio, 27. 
Compurgation, 10. 
CJonfirmatio Cartarum, 19. 
Conquest, by the Danes, 8. 

by the Romaus, 5. 

by the Saxons, 6. 

Norman, 10. 

Period of, 5-10. 
Conservatives, 53, 54. 
Constitutional government, ad- 
vance of, 43, 45; 

triumph of, 53. 
Conventicle Act, 39. 
Convention Parliament, 38, 39, 

42. 
Convocation, 13. 
Copenhagen, 49. 
Corn Laws, repeal of, 54. 
Corporation Act, 39, 51. 
Council of State, 36, 37. 
Court-barons, 12. 
Court-leets, 12. 
Court of Black Friars, 27. 

of Common Pleas, 19. 

of High Commission, .30, 34, 35. 

of Star Chamber, 26, 34, 35. 

of the Exchequer, 19. 

of the King's Bench, 19. 



Courts, separate church, 13. 

circuit, 19. 
Covenant, the, 37. 
Covenanters, 39. 
Cranmer, Archbishop, 27, 28, 29. 
Crecy, battle of, 20. 
Crimean War, the, 54. 
Cromwell, Oliver, 35-38. 
Cromwell, Richard, 38. 
Cromwell, Thomas, 27, 28. 
Crusades, 16. 
CuUoden, defeat at, 46. 
Curia Regis, 12, 13, 15, 19. 
Cuthbert, 7. 

Danby, Earl of, 40. 

Danegeld, 9, 10, 12. 

Danelaw, The, 8. 

Danes, conquest by the, 8. 

Darnley, Lord, 30, 32. 

Darwin, Charles, 56. 

Davy, Sir Humphrey, 56. 

Declaration of Indulgence, 40, 41 

Declaration of Rights, 43. 

De Haeretico Comburendo, 23. 

Deira, kingdom of, 7. 

Delhi, 54. 

Demesnes, 12. 

De Ruyter, Michael A., 40. 

Derwentwater, Earl of, 46. 

Dettingen, battle of, 46. 

Dickens, Charles, 56. 

Disraeli, Benjamin, 54, 55. 

Dissenters, 30, 34. 

Divine right of kings, 32. 

Domesday Book, 12. 

Dominicans, 18. 

Douglas, Earl, 22. 

Dover, Treaty of, 40. 

Drake, Sir Francis, 31. 

Drogheda, 36. 

Druids, 5, 6. 



65 



INDEX 



Dudley, Lord, 29. 
Dunbar, battle of, 37, 38. 
Duncan, Admiral, 49. 
Dunkirk, capture of, 37. 
Dunstan, Archbishop, 9. 
Dutch War, First, 40 ; Second, 
40. 

Ealdormen and eorls, 9, 10. 
East Anglia, kingdom of, 7, 8. 
East India Company, 32, 47. 
Edgar, King, 9, 13. 
Edgehill, battle of, 35. 
Edinburgh, founder of, 8. 

occupied, 37. 
Education Act, 55. 
Education, public, 52. 
Edward (son of Alfred the 

Great), 8. 
Edward the Confessor, 9, 11. 
Edward I., 18, 19. 
Edward II., 20. 
Edward III., 20, 21. 
Edward IV., 24, 25. 
Edward V., 25. 
Edward VI., 28, 29. 
Edwin, Earl, 8. 
Egbert, King, 8, 13. 
Egypt, war with, 56. 
Elba, island of, 50. 
Eleanor (wife of Henry II.), 15. 
Eliot, George, 56. 
Eliot, Sir John, 34. 
Elizabeth, Queen, 29, 30. 
England, defined, 7. 

prehistoric, 5. 

subjugation of, 6. 
England and Scotland under one 

crown, 32. 
English and French, war be- 
tween, 47. 
English literature, see Literature. 



English Merchant Adventurers, 

26. 
Episcopacy (chronologically ar- 
ranged) : 
attempt to establish in Scot- 
land, 39. 
established church of England, 

39. 
disestablishment of, in Ireland, 

53. 
Test Act in favor of, 40. 
Tories uphold, 41. 
Episcopal members in Parlia- 
ment, 35. 
Erasmus, 26. 
Ermine Street, 6. 
Essex, kingdom of, 6, 7, 8. 
Ethandune (Edington) , battle 

of, 8. 
Ethelbert, King, 7. 
Ethelings, 9. 

Ethelred, the Unready, 9. 
Eugene, Prince of Savoy, 44. 
Eversham, battle of, 18. 
Exclusion Bill, 41. 

Factory Acts, 52. 

Fairfax, Gen. Thomas, 35, 36, 38. 

Falkirk, battle of, 18. 

Fashoda, 56. 

Fawkes, Guy, see Catesby, 
Robert. 

Fenian Society, 55. 

Feudal church, 13. 

Feudal system, beginning of, 11. 
bishops included in, 14. 
changes made in, by scutage, 
15 ; Magna Carta, 16 ; Stat- 
utes of Westminster, 19; 
Confii^matio Cartarum, 19 ; 
Statute of Laborers, 21. 
See also Barons. 



6Q 



INDEX 



Fiefs, 11. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold, 27. 

Fifteen, The, 46. 

Fisher, John, 27. 

Five Mile Act, 39. 

Flodden Field, battle of, 27. 

Fontenoy, battle of, 46. 

Forty-Five, The, 46. 

Forty-Two Articles, The, 28. 

Fosse Way, 6. 

Fox, Charles James, 48. 

France, alliance with, 37. 
war with (King John), 16; 
(Henry VIII.) , 28 ; (Mary Tu- 
dor), 29; (Napoleonic wars), 
48. 

Francis I., of France, 27. 

Francis II., of France, 30. 

Franciscans and Dominicans, 18. 

Frederick the Great, 47. 

French and Indian war, 46. 

French Revolution, 48. 

Fyrd (militia), 8, 15. 

Gaels, 5. 

Gallic War, .5. 

Gaveston, Piers, 20. 

Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 14, 16. 

George I., 45, 46. 

George II., 46, 47. 

George III., 47-51. 

George IV., 51. 

Gesiths, 9. 

Ghent, Treaty of, 50. 

Gildas, 10. 

Gladstone, William E., 54, 55, 

56. 
Glencoe, Massacre of, 43. 
Glendower, Owen, 22. 
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 

23. 
Godolphin, Sydney, 44. 



Godwin, Earl, 9. 
Gordon, General, 56. 
Gordon Riots, 48. 
Government, Constitutional, 43, 
45, 53. 

Local, 12, 56. 

See also Parliament. 
Government, Instrument of, 37. 
Grand Alliance, against Louis 

XIV., 44. 
Grand Remonstrance, 35. 
Great Council, 12. 
Great Plague, 40. 
Greek war of independence, 51. 
Grey, Lady Jane, 29. 
Grey, Lord, 52. 
Gunpowder Plot, 33. 
Guthrum, King, 8. 

Habeas Corpus Act, 41. 
Hadrian, Wall of, 6. 
Halidon Hill, battle of, 20. 
Hampden, John, 34, 35. 
Hampton Court Conference, 33. 
Hanoverian Kings, 45-56. 
Hanseatic League, 21. 
Hardrada, Harold, 11. 
Hargreaves, James, 50. 
Harley, Robert, 45. 
Harold, King, 9, 11. 
Haslerigg, 35. 

Hastings (Lord), murder of, 25. 
Hastings, Warren, 48. 
Hastings, battle of, 11. 
Havelock, General, 54. 
Hawkins, Sir John, 31. 
Heathfield, battle of, 8. 
Hengist (and Horsa), 6. 
Henrietta Maria, Queen, 33. 
Henry L, 13, 15. 
Henry II., 14, 15, 16. 
Henry III., 17, 18. 



67 



INDEX 



Henry IV., 22. 
Henry V., 23. 
Henry VI., 23, 24. 
Henry VH., 25, 26. 
Henry VHI., 26-28. 
Heptarchy, the, 7, 9. 
Hereward, 11. 

High Court of Justice, 36, 39. 
Holland, war with (Cromwell), 
37. 

See also Dutch War. 
Holies, Denzil, 35. 
Hill, Sir Rowland, 54. 
Home Rule for Ireland, 56. 
Honorius, Emperor, 6. 
Horsa (and Hengist), 6. 
House of Commons, establish- 
ment of, first step, 18; sec- 
ond step, 18; third step, 21. 

under Victoria, 53, 56. 

under William IV., 51, 52. 
House of Lords, abolished, 36. 
Howard, Katharine, 28. 
Humble Petition and Advice, 38. 
Hundred Days, The, 50. 
Hundred-moot, 10, 13. 
Hundred Years' War, 20. 
Hundreds (division of shire), 10. 
Huskisson, William, 51. 
Huxley, Thomas, 56. 

Independents, 30, 35, 36, 38. 
India, in Victoria's reign, 54, 55. 
Indian Mutiny, 54. 
Inkerman, battle of, 54. 
Instrument of Government, 37. 
Invasions, Celtic, 5. 

of Caesar, 5. 

Saxon, 6. 
Investiture, 14. 
Ireland, Act of Union with, 50. 

Christianity in, 7. 



church reform in, 52. 

Education Act in, 55. 

Home Rule in, 55. 

Protestant church, disestab- 
lished in, 55. 

Scots in, 7. 

self-government of, restored, 
48. 

subjugated, 43. 

war with (Cromwell) , 36. 
Irish Land Act, 55. 
Ironside, Edmund, 9. 
Ironsides, Cromwell's, 35. 
Isabella, Queen, 20. 

Jack Cade's rebellion, 24. 

Jackson, General, 50. 

Jacobites, 43. 

Jacquerie, the, 20. 

Jamaica, capture of, 37. 

James, Duke of York (brother of 

Charles II.), 40, 41. 
James I., 32, 33. 
James II., 41, 42, 43. 
James IV., of Scotland, 27, 30. 
James VI., of Scotland, 31, 32. 
Jameson's Raid, 55. 
Jeffreys, Judge, 41. 
Jena, battle of, 49. 
Jervis, Admiral, 49. 
Jesuits, 30. 

Jews in Parliament, 19, 37. 
Joan of Arc, 23. 
John (" Lackland"), 16, 17. 
John, of France, 20, 21. 
John, of Gaunt, 20. 
Jonson, Ben, 32. 
Joseph, Napoleon's brother, 50. 
Joyce, Cornet, 36. 
Junius, letters of, 47. 
Jury System, under Henry II., 15. 
Jutes, 6. 

68 



INDEX 



Kabul massacre, the, 54. 
Katherine, wife of Henry V., 23. 
Katherine, of Aragon, wife of 

Henry VHI., 26. 
Kelvin, Lord, 56. 
Kent, Duke of, 53. 
Kent, kingdom of, 6, 7, 8. 
Khartum, massacre at, 56. 
Killiecrankie, battle of, 43. 
Kimberley, siege of, 55. 
King's Council, 12. 
King's Seal, Keeper of, 12. 
Kitchener, General, 56. 
Knox, John, 30. 

La Hogue, battle of, 43. 
Lancastrian- Yorkist Kings, 22- 

25. 
Lanfranc, Archbishop, 13. 
Langland, William, 22. 
Langton, Stephen, 16. 
Latimer, Bishop, 29. 
Laud, Archbishop, 34, 36. 
Lauderdale, John, Duke of, 40. 
Laws (chronologically arranged) : 

Danelaw, 8. 

Common Law, 10. 

Wergild and bot, 10. 

Compurgation, 10. 

Ordeal, 10. 

Danegeld, 9, 10, 12. 

Feudal System (William L), 11. 

Charter of Liberties, 13. 

Constitutions of Clarendon, 15, 
40. 

Magna Carta, 16, 19. 

Provisions of Oxford, 17. 

First Statute of Westminster, 
19. 

Statute of Mortmain, 19. 

Second Statute of Westmin- 
ster, 19. 



Third Statute of Westminster, 

(Quia Emptores), 19. 
Conjirmatio Cartarum, 19. 
Statute of Pro visors, 21. 
Statute of Laborers, 21. 
Statute of Praemunire, 21, 27. 
De Haeretico Comburerido, 23. 
Bill of Attainder, 24. 
Statute of Liveries, 26. 
Poyniugs' Acts, 26, 48. 
Act of Annates, 27. 
Act of Supremacy, First, 27; 

Second, 29. 
Act of Uniformity, 29, 30. 
Petition of Right, 34. 
Triennial Act, 35. 
Instrument of Government, 37. 
Humble Petition and Advice, 

38. 
Retaliatory Acts, 39. 

Corporation Act. 

Act of Uniformity. 

Conventicle Act. 

Five Mile Act. 
Test Act, 40, 41, 51. 
Exclusion Bill, 41. 
Habeas Corpus Act, 41. 
Act of Settlement, First, 42. 
Bill of Rights, 42. 
Mutiny Act, 43. 
Toleration Act, 43. 
Act of Supremacy, Third, 43. 
Triennial Act, 44. 
Act of Settlement, Second, 44, 

45. 
Act of Union with Scotlanc^ 45. 
Navigation Acts, 48. 
Stamp Act, 48. 
Townshend Acts, 48. 
Boston Port Bill, 48. 
Orders in Council, 49. 
Act of Union with Ireland, 50. 



69 



INDEX 



Catholic Relief Bill, 51. I Lucknow, 54. 

First Reform Bill (1832), 51, 52. Luddites, 50. 



Factory Acts, 52. 

Poor Laws, revised, 53. 

Municipal Corporations Act, 
53. 

Anti-Corn Law League, 54. 

Second Reform Bill (1867), 55. 

Irish Land Act, 55. 

Education Act, 55. 

Third Reform Bill (1884), 56. 

Home Rule Bill, First and 
Second, 56. 

Local Government Act, 56. 
Leslie, David, 37. 
Levelers, 38. 
Lewes, battle of, 17. 
Liberals, 53, 54. 
Ligny, battle of, 50. 
Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 22. 
Literature, Anglo-Saxon, 10. 
Literature, English, beginnings 
of, 22. 

Elizabethan period of, 32. 

in fifteenth century, " New 
Learning," 26. 

in nineteenth century, 56. 
Liverpool, Lord, 50. 
Local Government, 12, 56. 
LoUards, 22, 23. 
Londinium (London) , 6. 
London, captured, 16. 

fire of, 40. 
Londonderry, siege of, 43. 
Longchamp, William, 16. 
Lords Appellant, 22. 
Lords Ordaiuers, 20. 
Louis IX., of France, 17. 
Louis XIV., of France, 40, 43, 44. 
Louis XVI., of France, 49. 
Lowestoft, battle of, 40. 
Loyola, Ignatius, 30. 



Luther, Martin, 27. 

Macaulay, Thomas B., 56. 
Macaulay, Zachary, 52. 
Mad Parliament, 17. 
Mafeking, siege of, 55. 
Magna Carta, 16, 19. 
Magnum Concilium, see Great 

Council. 
Mahdi, the, 56. 
Majuba Hill, battle of, 55. 
Malplaquet, battle of, 45. 
Manchester massacre, 50. 
Manors, 12. 
Mar, Earl of, 46. 
Margaret, daughter of Henry 

VII., 26. 
Margaret, Queen, 24. 
Maria Theresa, 46, 47. 
Marlborough, Duchess of, 44. 

Duke of, 44. 
Marlowe, Christopher, 32. 
Marshall, William, 17. 
Marston Moor, battle of, 35. 
Mary, Queen of Scots, 30-32. 
Mary Tudor, Queen, 29. 
Mary, wife of William of Orange, 

40,42. 
Masham, Lady, 44. 
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., 14. 
Matilda, wife of Harold, 11. 
Matilda, wife of Henry L, 13. 
Medina, Duke of, 31. 
Mercia, kingdom of, 7, 8. 
Mesne tenants, 12. 
Methodist movement, 47. 
Milan Decree, 49. 
Milford Haven, 25. 
Military changes (under Henry 

II.), 15. 

TO 



INDEX 



Military rule, in early Eng- 
land, 6. 
Millenary Petition, 33. 
Mise of Amieus, 17. 
Mona, island of, 6. 
Monasteries, destruction of, 27. 

first established, 7. 

growth and influence of, 14. 

suppression of, 29. 
Monk, General, 38, 40. 
Monmouth's Rebellion, 41. 
Monopolies, 32. 
Montague, Charles, 44. 
Montcalm, General, 46. 
Montfort, Simon de, 17, 18. 
More, Sir Thomas, 26, 27, 29. 
Morris, William, 56. 
Mortimer, Edmund, 22. 
Mortimer, Roger, 20. 
Morton's Fork, 26. 
Mountjoy, Lord, 31. 
Municipal Corporations Act, 53. 
Murray, regent, 31. 
Mutiny Act, 43. 

Napier, Sir Charles, 54. 

Napoleonic Wars, 48, 49. 

Naseby, battle of, 36. 

Navarino, naval battle of, 51. 

Navigation Acts, 48. 

Neerwinden, battle of, 43. 

Nelson, Admiral, 49. 

Neolithic Age, 5. 

Neville's Cross, battle of, 20. 

New Model army, 36. 

New Orleans, attack upon (War 

of 1812), 50. 
Nicholson, General, 54. 
Nile, battle of the, 49. 
Nimwegen, Treaty of, 40. 
Non-Jurors, 43. 
Norman Conquest, 10. 



Norman Kings, 11-14. 
Normandy, Duke of, 11. 
Normandy, founded, 10. 
North, Lord, 48. 
Northampton, battle of, 24. 
Northmen, see Danes. 
Northumberland, Duke of, 29. 
Northumberland, kingdom of, 
7,8. 

Gates, Titus, 40. 
O'Connell, Daniel, 51. 
O'Connor, Feargus, 54. 
Offa, King, 8. 
Oldcastle, Sir John, 23. 
Opium War, with China, 54. 
Ordeal, 10. 

Orders in Council, 49, 
Orleanists, 23. 
Orleans, Siege of, 23. 
Oswy, King, 8. 
Oudenarde, battle of, 45. 
Oxford (University of), 18, 55. 

Paleolithic Age, 5. 
Palmerston, Lord, 54. 
Paris, capture of, 50. 

Treaty of, 47. 
Parliament (chronologically ar- 
ranged) : 

Mad (1258), 17. 

of 1265, 18. 

Model, 18. 

control of, increased by Confir- 
matio Car tar um, 19. 

Good, 21. 

the house of Commons a part 
of, 21. 

Richard II. deposed by, 22. 

Henry IV. elected by, 22. 

Irish, 26, 60, 56. 

Wales represented in, 28. 



71 



INDEX 



under James I., 32, 33. 

under Charles I., 34. 

Short, 35. 

Long, 35-38. 

Rump, 36, 37, 38. 

Convention, 38. 

under Charles II., 40, 41. 

under William III., 42. 

England and Scotland under 
one, 45. 

Irish members in English, 50. 

Roman Catholics and dissen- 
ters admitted to, 51. 

rotten boroughs represented in, 
51. 

annual, 53. 
Parnell, Charles Stuart, 56. 
Parr, Katherine, 28. 
Partition Treaties, 44. 
Peasant's Revolt, see Wat Tyler's 

Rebellion. 
Peel, Sir Robert, 51,54. 
Penda, King, 8. 
Peninsular Campaign, 50. 
Penn, Admiral, 37. 
Percys, the, 22. 
Period of Conquest, 5-11. 
Persecution (under Henry VIII.) , 

27. 
Petition of Right, 34. 
Pevensey, 11. 
Philip Augustus, of France, war 

with, 16. 
Philip II., of Spain, 29, 31. 
Philip VI., of France, 20. 
Philip (grandson of Louis XIV.), 

44,45. 
Picts, 5, 6, 7. 
Pilgrimage of Grace, 27. 
Pinkie, battle of, 28. 
Pirates, Saxon, 6. 

victories over (Blake), 37. 



Pitt, William (Earl of Chatham), 

46, 47, 48. 
Pitt, William, the Younger, 48, 

49. 
Plantagenet Kings, 14-22. 
Plantagenet, origin of name, 14. 
Plassey, battle of, 47. 
Plautius, 6. 
Poitiers, battle of, 20. 
Poor Laws, revised, 53. 
Pope, Henry III.'s payment to, 17. 

John's war with, 16. 

King supreme, instead of, 27, 
28. 

supremacy of, restored, 29. 

supreme in early English 
Church, 7. 

See also Catholics. 
Popish Plot, 40. 
Poynings' Acts, 26, 48. 
Pragmatic Sanction, 46. 
Prayer Book, English, 28, 29, 34. 
Prehistoric England, 5. 
Prehistoric men, 5. 
Presbyterians (chronologically 
arranged) : 

origin of name, 30. 

in Scotland, 34, 43. 

in Long Parliament, 35, 36. 

support Prince Charles, 37. 

in Commonwealth, 38. 

in Parliament of 1661, 39. 

Corporation Act against, 39. 

Act of Uniformity against, 39. 

Scotch (Whigs), 41. 

Toleration Act, in favor of, 43. 
Preston, battle of, 36. 
Preston, Derwentwater captured 

at, 46. 
Preston Pans, 46. 
Pretender, Old (James III.), 44, 
45, 46. 



72 



INDEX 



Pretender, Young (Prince Char- 
lie), 46. 
Pride's Purge, 36, 38. 
Prime minister, origin of office, 

45. 
Prince of Wales (title), 18. 
Protectorate, the, 37, 38. 
Protestantism (chronologically 
arranged) : 
establishment of, first step, 27, 
28; second step, 28; third 
step, 29. 
setback to, 29. 
under Charles II., 40. 
Toleration Act, in favor of, 43. 
disestablishment of, in Ireland, 
55. 
Provisions of Oxford, 17. 
Prussia, in second Napoleonic 

war, 49. 
Punjab, 54. 
Puritan Revolution, the, see Civil 

War, Charles I. 
Puritans, emigration of, 34. 
Millenary Petition of, 33. 
origin of, 30. 
Pym, John, 34, 35. 

Quebec, battle of, 46. 
Queen Anne's War, 44. 

Railway, opening of first, 51. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 32, 33. 
Ramillies, battle of, 45. 
Red Rose of Lancaster, 25. 
Reformation in Germany, 27. 
Reform Bill, First (1832), 51, 52: 

Second (1867), 55 ; Third 

(1884), 56. 
Renaissance, 26, 31. 
Restoration period, the, 39. 
Retaliatory Acts, 39. 



Revenues, royal, 12. 

Revolution of 1688, 41, 42. 

Richard I., 16. 

Richard II., 21, 22. 

Richard III. (Duke of Glouces- 
ter), 25. 

Richard, Duke of York, 24. 

Ridley, Bishop, 29. 

Right of Search, exercised by 
Napoleon, 49. 

Rizzio, David, murder of, 30. 

Robber castles, destruction of, 15. 

Robert, Duke of Normandy, 13. 

Robert of Belesme, 13. 

Roberts, Lord, 55. 

Rochelle (France), expedition in 
relief of, 33. 

Roman Catholics, see Catholics. 

Roman church, 7. 

Root and Branch party, 35. 

Roses, Wars of the, 24. 

Rotten boroughs, 47, 51, 52. 

Rough Stone Age, 5. 

Roundheads, 35. 

Royalists, 38. 

Royal Observatory, founded, 41. 

Royal Society, founded, 41. 

Rule of " thorough," 34. 

Rump Parliament, 36, 37, 38. 

Runnymede, battle of, 16. 

Rupert, Prince, 35, 36, 40. 

Ruskin, John, 56. 

Russell, Lord John, 51, 52, 54. 

Rye House Plot, 41. 

Ryswick, Treaty of, 43, 44. 

Sacheverall, Dr., 45. 

St. Albans, 5. 

St. Albans, battles of (First and 

Second), 24. 
St. Columba, 7. 
St. Helena, 50. 



73 



INDEX 



St. Patrick, 7. 

Salamanca, battle of, 50. 

Salisbury, Marquis of, 55. 

Salisbury Plain, meeting at, 12. 

Saxon pirates, 6. 

Saxon Shore, Count of the, 6. 

Saxons, Conquest by the, 6. 

Sawtre, William, 23. 

Schools, foundhig- of, 29. 

Scinde, addition of, to England, 
54. 

Scone, stone of, 18. 

Scotland, act of union with, 45. 
Irish missionaries to, 7. 
war with (Edward I.), 18; (Ed- 
ward III.) , 20 ; (Henry VIII.), 
27; (Edward VI.), 28,29. 

Scots, 5, 7. 

Scutage, 15. See also Magna 
Carta. 

Sebastopol, siege of, 54. 

Sedgemoor, battle of, 41. 

Self-denying Ordinance, 36. 

Senlac, see Hastings. 

Separatists, see Independents. 

Seven Bishops, Petition of the, 
42. 

Seven Years' War, 47. 

Seymour, Jane, 28. 

Shaftesbury, Earl of, 40, 41. 

Shakespeare, 32. 

Sheridan, Richard B., 48. 

Sheriffmuir, 46. 

Shrewsbury, battle of, 22. 

Shire-moot, 10. 

Shire-reeve, 10. 

Shires, 10, 13. 

Sidney, Sir Philip, 32. 

Simnel, Lambert, 26. 

Six Articles, the, 27. 

Slavery, abolition of, 52. 

Slave trade, abolition of, 51. 



Sluys, battle of, 20. 

Smooth Stone Age, 5. 

Solemn League and Covenant, 34, 

35, 39. 
Somerset, Duke of, 28. 
Sophia, Electress, 45. 
South Sea Bubble, 46. 
South Wales, kingdom of, 7. 
Spain, war with (Elizabeth), 31 ; 
(Charles I.), 33; (Cromwell), 
37. 
Spanish Succession, war of, 44. 
Spencer, Herbert, 56. 
Spenser, Edmund, 32. 
Spurs, battle of the, 27. 
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 11. 
Stamp Act, 48. 
Standard, Battle of the, 14. 
Statute, of Laborers, 21. 

of Liveries, 26. 

of Mortmain, 19. 

of Praemunire, 21. 

of Provisors, 21. 

of Westminster, First, Second, 
and Third, 19. 
Steam Engine, invention of, 50. 
Steinkirk, battle of, 43. 
Stephen, King, 14. 
Stephenson, George, 51. 
Stratford, Earl of, see Went- 

worth, Thomas. 
Strathclyde, 7. 
Strode, William, 35. 
Stuart, Arabella, 33. 
Stuart, Mary (Queen of Scots), 

28. 
Stuart Kings, 32-45. 
Sudan campaign, 56. 
Suetonius, 6. 
Suez Canal, 55. 
Sunderland, Earl of, 43. 
Sussex, kingdom of, 6, 7. 



74 



INDEX 



Sweyn, King, 9. 
Synod of Whitby, 7. 



Tea tax, 48. 

Temple, Sir William, 40. 
Tennyson, Lord Alfred, 56. 
Test Act, 40, 41,51. 
Teutonic kingdoms, 7. 

people, 8. 

tribes, 6. 
Tewkesbury, battle of, 25. 
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 

56. 
Thegns, 9, 

Theodore of Tarsus, 7. 
Thirty-nine Articles, The, 30. 
Tilsit, Peace of, 50. 
Tinchebrai, battle of, 13. 
Tithe War, 52. 
Toleration Act, 43. 
Tories, beginning of, 41. 

change of name, 53. 
Torres Vedras, 50. 
Tourville, Admiral, 43. 
Townshend Acts, 48. 
Townships, 10. 
Towton, battle of, 24. 
Trade unions, incorporation of, 

55. 
Trafalgar, battle of, 49. 
Transvaal, annexation of, 55. 
Trial by battle, 12. 
Tribes, Celtic, 5. 

Teutonic, 6. 
Triennial Act, 35, 44. 
Triple Alliance, 40. 
Troyes, Treaty of, 23. 
Tudor, Henry, 25. 
Tudor Kings, 25-32. 
Tunmoots, 10. 
Tyndall, John, 56. 



Unitarians, denied freedom ®f 

worship, 43. 
Utrecht, treaty of, 45. 

Van Tromp, 40. 

Vassals, see Feudal System. 
Victoria, Queen, 53-56. 
Vienna, Congress of, 50. 
Vikings, 8. 
Villeins, 12. 

Villeneuve, stratagem of, 49. 
Villiers, George, 33. 
Vittoria, battle of, 50. 

Wakefield, battle of, 24. 
Wales, annexation of, 18. 

kingdom of, 7. 

represented in Parliament, 28. 
Wall of Antonine, 6. 

of Hadrian, 6. 
Wallace, William, 18. 
Wallingford, Treaty of, 14. 
Walpole, Robert, 46. 
Walsingham, 31. 
Walter, Hubert, 16. 
War of 1812, 50. 

of Jenkin's Ear, 46, 

of the Roses, 24, 25. 
Warbek, Perkin, 26. 
Wars (chronologically arranged) ; 

Conquest by Saxons, 6. 

Conquest by Danes, 8. 

Norman Conquest, 10. 

with Duke of Normandy 
(Henry I.), 13. 

civil war (Stephen) , 14. 

with Philip of France (John), 
16. 

with the barons (John), 16. 

civil war (Henry IH.), 17. 

with Scotland (Edward I., H., 
and HI.), 18, 20. 



75 



INDEX 



Hundred Years' War, 20, 23. 
War of the Roses, 24, 25. 
with France and Scotland 

(Henry VIH.), 27. 
with Scotland (Edward VI.), 

28, 29. 
with France (Mary Tudor), 29. 
with Spain (Elizabeth), 31. 
Bishops' Wars, First and 

Second, 35. 
Civil War ("Puritan Revolu- 
tion" of 1642), Part I, 35; 

Part H, 36. 
with Ireland (Cromwell), 36. 
with Scotland (Cromwell), 36. 
with Holland (Cromwell), 37. 
with Spain (Cromwell), 37. 
Dutch Wars (Charles II.), First 

and Second, 40. 
Revolution of 1688, 41, 42. 
with James II. and Louis XIV. 

(William III.), 43. 
War of Spanish Succession, 

44, 45. 
War of Jenkin's Ear, 46. 
War of Austrian Succession, 46. 
French and Indian War, 46. 
Seven Years' War, 47. 
American Revolution, 48. 
with France, First and Second 

(Napoleonic Wars), 48, 49. 
Peninsular Campaign, 50. 
War of 1812 (U.S.), 50. 
with China ("Opium War"), 

54. 
with India, " Sepoy rebellion," 

54. 
Crimean War, 54. 
Boer War, 55. 
with Egypt, 56. 
Warwick, Earl of, 24, 25. 
Waterloo, battle of, 50. 



Watling Street, 6, 8. 
Watt, James, 50. 
Watts, George F., 56. 
Wat Tyler's Rebellion, 21. 
Wedmore, Treaty of, 8. 
Wellington, Duke of (Sir Arthur 

Wellesley),50, 51. 
Wentworth, Thomas, 34. 
Wergild and bot, 10. 
Wesley, John, 47. 
Wessex, kingdom of, 6, 7, 8. 
Westminster, building of 
church at, 17. 

founding of, 9. 
Whig Junto, 43. 
Whigs, beginning of, 41. 

change of name, 53. 
Whitby, Synod of, 7. 
White Rose of York, 25. 
Wilberforce, William, 52. 
Wilkes, John, 47. 
William I., 11-13. 
William II., 13. 

William III. (and Mary), 42-44. 
William IV., 51-53. 
William, Duke of Normandy, 11. 
Winwaedsfield, battle of, 8. 
Witan, duties of, 9, 11. 
Witenagemot, 9, 12. 
Wolfe, General, 46. 
Wolsey, favorite of Henry VIII., 

27. 
Woodville, Elizabeth (wife of 

Edward IV.) , 24. 
Worcester, battle of, 37, 38. 
Wyclif, John, 21, 22. 

York, 6. 

York and Lancaster, rivalry be- 
tween, 24. 

York and Suffolk, rivalry be- 
tween, 23. 



76 



ESSENTIALS IN AMERICAN 
HISTORY 

From the Discovery to the Present Day. By ALBERT 
BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, 
Harvard University. Price, $1.50 



PROFESSOR HART viras a member of the Committee 
of Seven, and consequently is exceptionally qualified to 
supervise the preparation of a series of text-books which 
carry out the ideas of that Committee. The needs of sec- 
ondary schools, and the entrance requirements to all colleges, 
are fully met by the Essentials in History Series. 
^ This volume reflects in an impressive manner the writer's 
broad grasp of the subject, his intimate knowledge of the 
relative importance of events, his keen insight into the cause 
and effect of each noteworthy occurrence, and his thorough 
familiarity with the most helpful pedagogical features. 
51 The purpose of the book is to present an adequate de- 
scription of all essential things in the upbuilding of the 
country, and to supplement this by good illustrations and 
maps. Political geography, being the background of all 
historical knowledge, is made a special topic, while the 
development of government, foreign relations, the diplo- 
matic adjustment of controversies, and social and economic 
conditions have been duly emphasized. 
5| All sections of the Union, North, East, South, West, and 
Far West, have received fair treatment. Much attention is 
paid to the causes andresults of our various wars, but only the 
most significant battles and campaigns have been described. 
The book aims to make distinct the character and public 
services of some great Americans, brief accounts of whose 
lives are given in special sections of the text. 



AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

(S. 119) 



ESSENTIALS IN HISTORY 



ESSENTIALS IN ANCIENT HISTORY . J1.50 

From the earliest records to Charlemagne. By 
ARTHUR MAYER WOLFSON, Ph.D., First 
Assistant in History, DeWitt Clinton High School, 
New York 

ESSENTIALS IN MEDIEVAL AND MODERN 
HISTORY 11.50 

From Charlemagne to the present day. By SAMUEL 
BANNISTER HARDING, Ph.D., Professor of 
European History, Indiana University 

ESSENTIALS IN ENGLISH HISTORY . ^1.50 

From the earliest records to the present day. By 
ALBERT PERRY WALKER, A.M., Master in 
History, English High School, Boston 

ESSENTIALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY . ^1.50 

From the discovery to the present day. By ALBERT 
BUSH NELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, 
Harvard University 

THESE volumes correspond to the four subdivisions 
required by the College Entrance Examination 
Board, and by the New York State Education De- 
partment. Each volume is designed for one year's w^ork. 
Each of the writers is a trained historical scholar, familiar 
with the conditions and needs of secondary schools. 
^y The effort has been to deal only with the things which 
are typical and characteristic; to avoid names and details 
which have small significance, in order to deal more justly 
with the forces which have really directed and governed 
mankind. Especial attention is paid to social history. 
^ The books are readable and teachable, and furnish brief 
but useful sets of bibliographies and suggestive questions. 
No pains have been spared by maps and pictures to furnish 
a significant and thorough body of illustration. 



AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

(S. 130) 



HISTORIES FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS 

ESSENTIALS IN ANCIENT 
HISTORY 

Half Leather, 528 Pages. Price, $i,50 
By ARTHUR MAYER WOLFSON, Ph.D^ 

Assistant in History^ De Witt Clinton High School^ New York City 

In Consultation with 

ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.a 

Professor of History^ Harvard University 



THIS convenient manual presents the essentials in ancient 
history as a unit in a manner both comprehensible and 
interesting to first-year students in secondary schools. It is 
prepared on the plan recommended by the Committee of 
Seven, and at the same time meets every requirement of the 
Regents of the State of New York. It combines in one 
volume Greek and Roman history with that of the Eastern 
nations, and pays more attention to civilization than to mere 
constitutional development. 

The paragraph headings are given in the margins, thus 
making the text continuous and easy to read. At the end of 
each chapter are lists of topics for further research, bibli- 
ographies of parallel reading, and references to both ancient 
and modern authorities. A special feature is the giving of a 
brief list of selected books, not exceeding $25 in cost, and 
suitable for a school library. The numerous maps show only 
the places mentioned in the text, thus avoiding confusion from 
too much detail. The illustrations, although attractive, have 
been chosen primarily with the purpose of accurately explain- 
ing the text. 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, Publishers 

(S. 137) 



GREEK AND ROMAN 
HISTORIES 

By WILLIAM C. MOREY, Professor of History and 

Political Science, University of Rochester 

Each, «i.oo 



MOREY'S OUTLINES OF GREEK HISTORY, 
which is introduced by a brief sketch of the pro- 
gress of civilization before the time of the Greeks 
among the Oriental peoples, pays greater attention to the 
civilization of ancient Greece than to its political history 
The author has endeavored to illustrate by facts the most 
important and distinguishing traits of the Grecian char- 
acter, to explain why the Greeks failed to develop a 
national state system, although successful to a consider- 
able extent in developing free institutions and an organized 
city state; and to show the great advance made by the 
Greeks upon the previous culture of the Orient. 
^ MOREY'S OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY 
gives the history of Rome to the revival of the empire by 
Charlemagne. Only those facts and events which illus- 
trate the real character of the Roman people, which show 
the progressive development of Rome as a world power, 
and which explain the influence that Rome has exercised 
upon modern civi]i?;ation, have been emphasized. The 
genius of the Romans for organization, which gives them 
their distinctive place in history, is kept prominently in 
mind, and the kingdom, the republic, and the empire are 
seen to be but successive stages in the growth of a policy 
to bring together and organize the various elements of the 
ancient world. 



AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

(S 136) 



OCT 31 ^' 




n 020 684 612 4 



